神经元的

The intensity of pulse noisy pixels significantly differs from adjacent pixels of image. The de-noising will be accomplished by modifying the intensity of the noisy pixel according to the firing patterns of adjacent neurons of PCNN. At last, this dissertation suggests a new kind of filter for de-noising pulse noise based on the PCNN and median filter. It is very simple, and the simulation experiment of the image processing shows that the de-noising effect is much better than neighborhood averaging method and median filter.

一般脉冲噪声点与其所在图像像素灰度值之间相关性很差，而PCNN脉冲耦合神经网络能使相似神经元同步激发；这就决定亮点脉冲噪声像素对应神经元会在其区域所在相邻神经元中首先激发，为此结合中值滤波，我们提出了结合PCNN脉冲耦合神经网络和中值滤波的混合滤波新算法，理论分析和实验证明，该方案在滤除噪声的同时，比常规中值滤波更有效地保持了图像的高频细节信息。

Finally, several MTNCs were designed for implementing the XOR operation and Literal, AND, OR operation in ternary logic at switch level. The result of simulation with PSPICE showed that the designed circuits had not only the correct logic function and small propagation delay but also had simple structure. Whats more, when achieving the same logic function, the MTNCs decreased large amount of hardware expense compared with the STN circuits.

对设计出的电路进行PSPICE模拟并测量相关参数，结果表明，该设计方法不但简便、规范，而且设计出的多阈值神经元电路具有速度快，结构简单的优点，并且，在实现相同逻辑功能时，采用多阈值神经元电路相对于单阈值神经元电路，大幅降低了硬件成本。

Then histochemical, electron microscopic, enzyme histo cytochemical and confocal laser scanning microscopic methods were employed to study the distribution of vinculin, cathepsin Dand nematolysosomes ...

结果在正常对照组神经元，组织蛋白酶D与纽蛋白分布于胞质及突起内；在CD及PMA处理神经元，纽蛋白及组织蛋白酶D的分布呈向心性移动，但集聚的部位不同；电镜酶细胞化学方法显示CD组及PMA组神经元内线状溶酶体均增多。

The weakly or strongly stained CaBP-LI/CB-Audouble-labelled cells gradually increased caudalward.In the middle rostrocaudal third of the red nucleus,the double-labelled neurons mainly occupied the ventromedial portions of the red nucleus.

两种神经元在红核具有特殊的分布方式，头侧水平CB-Au标认的红核-脊髓投射神经元均呈CaBP-LI阴性，向尾侧CaBP-LI阳性神经元数目逐渐增多。

The weakly or strongly stained CaBP-LI/CB-Audouble-labelled cells gradually increased caudalward.In the middle rostrocaudal third of the red nucleus,the double-labelled neurons mainly occupied the ventromedial portions of the red nucleus.

两种成年人神经元在红核具有特殊的分布方式，头侧水平CB-Au标认的红核-脊髓投射成年人神经元均呈CaBP-LI阴性，向尾侧CaBP-LI阳性成年人神经元数目逐渐增多。

Results 45-51% of the nerve fibers innervating the superior rectus muscle in rats of group Ⅰ and 81-87% in group Ⅱ came from the neuron in contralateral midbrain, and the distribution of the neurons in midbrain was closer to normal rats in group Ⅱ than group Ⅰ.

结果 实验Ⅰ组大鼠支配上直肌的神经纤维有45%~51%由对侧中脑运动神经元发出；实验Ⅱ组81%~87%由对侧中脑运动神经元发出，神经元在中脑的分布更接近正常大鼠。

The number of spinal motoneurons continued to decline in the first 3 months postoperativdy and plateaued after three months.

脊髓前角运动神经元数目在3个月内持续减少，3个月后趋于稳定，6个月时脊髓前角大型运动细胞坏死比率在40％左右，残存的神经元多为受损的神经元，尼氏体减少或消失。

Pyramidal neurons are generated from cells that migrate radially from the ventricular zone, while interneurons migrate tangentially from ventral ganglionic eminences to the developing cortex.

胚胎皮层神经元主要有两种迁移方式：来源于背侧端脑的锥体神经元主要采用放射状迁移；而来源于腹侧端脑的中间神经元则采用切线方向迁移进入皮层。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

Based on the return map and the principle of closed vectors, a new method is proposed to extract unstable periodic orbits embedded in chaotic attractors. As examples, the UPOs embedded in chaotic attractors of Logistic, Hénon and Lorenz are extracted respectively by this method. And our results of Skewed Hénon map also be compared with Nusse's. These results suggest that this method is valid for unstable periodic orbits from period one to period infinite of arbitrary dimension chaotic system. The dynamic considerations of spiking and UPO coding for individual neuron and neural system under external periodic and chaotic exciting stimulus also be studied in this dissertation. A lot of spiking phenomena, such as synchronization, period, and chaos appear alternatively with the changing of the stimulus frequency. For the small stimulus frequency the neuron could completely convey the periodic signal in synchronous anti-phase into interspike intervals sequences. For the slow time–scale chaotic input, the output two ISI sequences are reciprocally related to input signals, and their oscillation wave shape in time course can be derived from that of the input signals variation, furthermore, the similar input sequence and order of UPOs, distribution of LES and value of KYD remain in attractors reconstructed from ISI sequences.

发现周期信号在单个神经元传递过程中，随着激励频率的改变，神经元输出的峰峰间期interspike interval时间序列呈现出周期、混沌和准周期的交错变化，特别当外加激励信号频率较低时，周期信号可以通过神经元ISI序列以反相同步的周期运动形式传递下去；同时无论是周期还是混沌激励信号，在神经系统中的传递均与其自身强度和神经元之间的耦合强度的大小密切相关；快变时间尺度的混沌激励信号在耦合的神经系统传递过程中，会造成大量基本信息的丢失；而慢变时间尺度的混沌激励信号在神经系统传递中，它的非线性特征信息，如混沌吸引子、不稳定周期轨道、Lyapunov指数谱和分形维数，会通过系统输出的ISI序列部分地重现出来，如与输入慢变时间尺度的混沌激励信号相比，神经系统输出的ISI序列具有：相似几何形状的混沌吸引子、相近的Lyapunov指数谱和分形维数、局部结构相同的不稳定周期轨道的排列方式。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。