神经元

NOS neurons atrophy markedly in laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of aged mice. NOS neurons and synapses atrophy in Alzheimer's disease patient temporal cortex and amygdala, NOS neurons decrease by 18-33% in hippocampus.

衰老时NOS神经元发生了某些变化，老龄小鼠被盖背外侧核NOS神经元明显萎缩；Alzheimer's病人颞叶皮层和杏仁核NOS细胞及突触显著绉缩，海马分子层内侧1/3缺少NOS神经元，NOS神经元减少18～30%。

Thus, we suggest that GlyRs is a molecular target of E_2 which directly binds to and noncompetitively modulates GlyRs, leading to the alteration of neuronal excitability and contributing to the estrogenic effects in hippocampus and the early CNS development.

与HEK293细胞中结果一致，E_2对脊髓神经元I_的抑制作用随神经元的培养时间逐渐减弱；但在培养海马神经元上，E_2对I_，的抑制作用则不随神经元培养时间延长而变化。

These results suggest that the activate spleen-energy method can achieve appetitive purpose by not only affecting the gastrointestinal tract function in periphery, but also regulating the process of ingestion in brain. The basic research about ingestion indicate: one hand, after food enters the gastro-intestinal tract, the endocrine cell of the intestinal tract is activated and secrete many kinds of brains intestines peptide, the level of the brain intestines peptide in blood as the periphery signal spreads to the central nervous system regions that control digest and feeding behavior. On the other hand, it has been shown that dorsal parabranchial neurons, containing CCK-8S, extend fibers to the VMH and are involved in the inhibition of feeding .

关于摄食控制的基础研究表明，一方面食物进入胃肠道后，激活肠道的内分泌细胞，分泌多种脑肠肽如CCK-8S，这些脑肠肽在血中的水平作为外周信号可通过&肠—脑轴&传入中枢神经系统介导消化和摄食行为的部位，影响摄食中枢神经元的活动调节动物的摄食行为；另一方面中枢神经元可合成释放内源性的神经肽直接作用于摄食中枢神经元调节摄食，如中枢鳃旁体神经元的神经纤维就可延伸到达VMH，并且合成释放内源性的CCK-8S。

These results can lead to the following conclusion:〤GRP synthesized by the motoneurons may be a self-serving neurotrophic factor after axotomy.(2) CGRP may serve as a "injury signal" activating both the central and peripherical gli

本研究结果提示，运动神经轴突损伤后，运动神经元合成分泌的CGRP对神经元自身具有直接的神经营养作用，CGRP还可以作为损伤神经元分泌的&损伤信号&激活中枢和外周胶质细胞，从而为运动神经元的存活和轴突再生创造有利的微环境。

In the visual system, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactive neurons (ca.35 per hemisphere) were mainly situated between the optic lobe and lateral protocerebrum, the neurites of which either descended into the optic neuropils or ascended into the protocerebrum, thus possibly integrating the optic lobes and other brain regions.

TPH阳性神经元的类型、数目、分布位置、投射区域与5-HT基本相同。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在视觉系统主要分布于视叶与侧前脑之间，每侧大约有35个，其轴突及分枝或下行进入视叶或上行进入前脑。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在前脑分布于前脑背方、肯氏细胞两侧，大约有25个，轴突主要投射到蕈形体和中央复合体的广泛区域，另有个别神经元轴突下行投射进入视叶形成广泛分枝。

In the visual system, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactiveneurons (ca.35 per hemisphere) were mainly situated between the optic lobe and lateralprotocerebrum, the neurites of which either descended into the optic neuropils or ascendedinto the protocerebrum, thus possibly integrating the optic lobes and other brain regions. Inthe protocerebrum, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactive neurons (ca. 25) mainly distributed dorsalto the protocerebrum beside the Kenyon cells. Their axons directly projected into theprotocerebrum as well as the optic lobe.

TPH阳性神经元的类型、数目、分布位置、投射区域与5-HT基本相同。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在视觉系统主要分布于视叶与侧前脑之间，每侧大约有35个，其轴突及分枝或下行进入视叶或上行进入前脑。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在前脑分布于前脑背方、肯氏细胞两侧，大约有25个，轴突主要投射到蕈形体和中央复合体的广泛区域，另有个别神经元轴突下行投射进入视叶形成广泛分枝。

It has been proved by previous studies that peripheral nerve injury can induce a series of changes of expression of some neural active material and their receptors either in the somata or in the terminals of the damaged primary afferent neurons and motoneurons. These changes may reflect a re-ordering of metabolic priorities so that the synthesis of trophic factors or growth-associated proteins augmented while that of neurotransmitter-related proteins decreased.

以往的研究表明，周围神经损伤能够引起受损神经元(包括初级传入神经元和运动神经元)的胞体或终末内某些神经活性物质及其受体的表达发生一系列变化，其中与神经生长和营养有关的物质常发生上调，而与神经传递有关的物质则发生下调；与此同时，受损神经元的周围常伴随发生胶质反应及神经胶质增生等变化。

ResultsThere was no expression of Caspase-3 in group A. The expression of Caspase-3 in group C was decreased compared with that in group B（P＜0.01. In groups B and C, expansion and vacuolization of mitochondria, swollen neurons and apoptotic bodies appeared, which suggested that WBH could induce neuron injury, and the neuron injury in group C was more severe than that in group B.

结果A组大鼠海马区神经元无Caspase-3表达，B、C两组大鼠海马区神经元有Caspase-3表达，B组较C组Caspase-3表达平均灰度值减小。B、C两组大鼠海马神经元超微结构发生改变、细胞器水肿，部分线粒体空化，内质网稀疏，突触前膜、后膜结构不完整，可见自噬体结构；B组大鼠的神经元超微结构损害较C组轻。

These results suggest that in the central nervous system of small mammals, AP waveforms mature rapidly in many types of neurons, thus, coordinated activities in neuronal circuits may occur. In early postnatal development, GABA receptor mainly mediates an excitation effect, depolarizes P6 MGBv neurons and dramatically increases the frequency of AP firing. Inhibition of GABA receptor matures slowly along with increment of postnatal days.

结论大鼠MGBv神经元的AP波形成熟较快，可在中枢神经系统的神经元环路中产生协调性的活动；在MGBv神经元发育早期，GABA主要作为兴奋性神经递质而发挥作用，它可使P6的MGBv神经元产生去极化，AP发放频率显著增加，随着出生后日龄的增加，GABA受体的抑制作用才逐渐发育成熟。

Gelatin microsphere is firstly made by encapsulating bFGF into gelatin by special manufacture process, then this microsphere was combinated into PLGA conduit or PLGA film.when used, we need only pack the injury peripheral nerve, injury spinal cord, wounded pars encephalic with the PLGA conduit. The conduit or film can slowly release buff which would be absorbed by around tissues.bFGF was already proved to be nutritious to the regeneration and alive of neuron and protect injury neuron.bFGF can also promote morphogenesia and division of nerve cell which would raise the survival rate of neuron, guide the generation of axon etc.bFGF is one of the important factors of sustaining the normal survival of cholinergic nerve.

使用时，只需将此材料贴敷外周损伤神经伤患处，脊髓伤口，或在脑部开颅手术后填充于术后创面，可有效地在伤口局部缓慢地释放并由机体组织吸收bFGF等神经营养因子。bFGF等已被证明具有神经营养作用，可促进神经元的再生与存活，保护受损的神经元。bFGF等对神经细胞兼有促进形态发生与分裂作用，具有提高神经元的成活率、诱导轴突向外生长等功能，是维持前脑基底部胆碱能神经元正常生存的重要因素。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了