神经元

Results: The Fos-like immunoreactive neurons distributed mainly in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalisipsilaterally and medullary visceral zone (MVZ,including nucleus tractus solitarius,ventrolateral medulla and the reticular formation between the first two),ln the sections processed for double staining of Fos and TH immunohisto chemistry, numerous Fos-LI neurons showed also TH- like immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm(Fos-TH cells)in MVZ.

结果：Fos样免疫反应神经元主要分布在同侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核、双侧延髓内脏带(孤束核、腹外侧区及二者之间的网状结构)。在抗Fos 和抗酪氨酸羟化酶的双重免疫染色切片上，见到延髓内脏带内许多Fos阳性神经元的胞浆同时呈TH样免疫反应(Fos-TH双重阳性细胞)。

The central complex isprominent. The beetle showed notable 5-HT-like immunoreactivity throughout the wholebrain, which was also strongly labelled by TPH antibody, with the pattern matching that of5-HT. 5-HT-like positive fibers were resolved in all areas of the brain, among which thelamina and suboesophageal ganglion showed the most remarkable dark brownimmunostaining. While, all major neuropil regions, in general, showed low level backgroundafter TPH immunostaining for TPH mainly existing in cytoplasm. The number of 5-HT-likeimmunoreactive neurons was relatively small but possessed extensive varicose arborizations.

免疫组化结果显示，异色瓢虫脑系统呈强5-HT免疫反应，表现为稳定的反应模式；其脑系统对鼠抗TPH单克隆抗体同样呈显著的免疫阳性反应，且反应模式与5-HT一致。5-HT能神经元多为切向神经元，数目相对较少，呈两侧对称分布，主要位于视叶与侧前脑之间、前脑背方及咽下神经节处，其阳性纤维呈明显的静脉曲张状，投射区域较广泛。

At 7 days following conventional culture, neurons were ellipse and subtriangular, with big body and clear boundary and many processes. Following retinoic acid culture, the number of neurons was increased, with clear morphology and a few processes.

常规贴壁分化培养7 d后，神经元多呈椭圆型和近似三角形，胞体大，细胞边缘清楚，胞体上有多个突起；而维甲酸诱导分化培养后，神经元数量增加，形态清楚，但细胞胞体上突起较少。

Our observation indicates that capsaicin as a nociceptive chemical irritant can selectively activate primary afferent C-fibers to release SP and Glu from their central terminals in the superficial dorsal horn. It seems that the release of SP and Glu acting on NK-1 and NMDA receptors results secondarily in the activation of dorsal horn neurons, transmitting nociceptive information to supraspinal structures.

以上结果表明辣椒素作为一种伤害性的刺激源，可选择性兴奋C类传入纤维，引起其分布于脊髓背角浅层内的末梢大量释放SP和Glu，通过相应受体兴奋背角伤害性感受神经元，包括上行脊-丘束投射神经元，将痛觉信息传递至脑。

The opioid receptor agonist at the supraspinal site failed to alter the pelvic nerve activity suggest that supraspinal endogenous opioid system does not act directly on the sacral preganglionic neurons, but indirectly through descending fibers on the interneuron at the level of afferent inputs in the sacral spinal cord.

由於注射此药物到侧脑室中，并不会对骨盆神经之活性造成影响，因此推论上脊髓部位的内吗啡系统，并不会直接影响副交感神经节前神经元之活性，其作用可能在中问神经元或膀胱的输入神经。

Furthermore, we also observed the effects of estrogen on neuronal development and synaptic formation in the cultured neurons.

同时，利用原代培养的大鼠大脑皮层和海马神经元，分析了雌激素对神经元发育和突触形成的作用及其机制。

Though can not accurate induce neural stem cells specific orientation differentiation yet,to accompany the unceasing deepen recognize of convection mechanisms in cells' signal convection and discovery of new cell facter,new chemo-signal, Homo sapiens would solve the question of orientation differentiation from totipotential stem cell,multipotential stem cell to neural stem cell, orientation nerver ancestor cell then special tipe neural cell, implementation functional reconstruction betwen neural cell,for ultimate solve the proble of neural regeneration developing the way.

尽管目前尚不能准确有效的诱导神经干细胞特异性定向分化为某种特定的神经元，但随着人们对细胞间信号传递机制认识的不断加深和新的细胞因子、化学信号的不断发现，人类将能够解决从全能干细胞、多能干细胞到神经干细胞、定向神经祖细胞直至特异类型神经细胞的定向分化，完成神经元之间的功能重建，为最终解决中枢神经再生这一难题而开辟道路。

It is possible that morphine applied to VLO depresses the GABAergic interneuronal activities that tonically inhibits the VLO output neurons projecting to PAG, leading to activation of the PAG-brainstem descending inhibitory system which depresses the nociceptive inputs at the spinal cord level.

可能是：吗啡供给到VLO通过抑制GABA能中间神经元对VLO-PAG投射神经元的抑制作用，这种去抑制效应，可能加强脑干下行抑制系统的活动，在脊髓水平抑制伤害感受性输入。

Interruption of tonically actie medullo-spinal pathways after injury causes disinhibition of thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and intraspinal sprouting of nere growth factor-responsie primary afferent fibers is thought to contribute to their hyperactiity.

阻断损伤后增强活化的脊髓传导通路可引起胸腰段交感节前神经元激活，椎管内神经生长因子萌发；敏感的初级传入纤维被认为可促使胸腰段交感节前神经元功能亢进，促进NGF生成增多。

These results indicate that the genome of a post-mitotic, terminally differentiated neuron can re-enter the cell cycle and be reprogrammed to a state of totipotency after nuclear transfer.

这是非同小可的，因为供体神经元只表达一个这样的蛋白，而不是完整的一套蛋白，说明大脑中所表达的嗅觉受体的多样性不是嗅觉神经元DNA中永久排列的结果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。