神经元

Flies increase sleep both after exposure to an enriched social environment and after protocols that induce long-term memory. We found that flies mutant for rutabaga, period, and blistered were deficient for experience-dependent increases in sleep.

研究人员称，神经学家们认为，形成新的神经元突触是大脑进行记忆和学习的一种重要途径，但由于头颅空间有限等原因，大脑不能无限制地增加神经元突触。

The morphological change alleviated and GFAP expression keeping high in astrocytes at 72h after cerebral ischemia. The results of cell culture show that IL-8 would increase the number of astrocytes and do not scathe neurons.

脑缺血后72hAS表达GFAP仍高同时脑组织中IL-8水平升高，并伴随受损神经元修复；说明GFAP表达及IL-8可能在神经元的抗损伤中具有作用。

Results:(1)NSCs form typical neurospheres under adequate concentration in vitro, which are immunoreactive to Vimentin. Typically and terminally differentiated mature neural cells could not be found without the stimulus of mitogen or only under NSCs self-regulation and self-induction;(2)NSCs derived from hippocampus maintain the character of stem cells much longer with better biological behavior; NSCs passed to the 2-3 passage are the best to graft since they have not differentiated;(3)NSCs cultured in vitro could self-regulate and differentiate into neurospheres and progenitors positively immunoreactive to specific antibodies representing neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells;(4)There are widespread synaptic contacts between various kinds of descendent clones and cells;(5)Neurospheres could be formed without the stimulus of mitogen when NSCs and OECs are cocultured. Many neurospheres and cells immunoreactive to Vimentin, GFAP, MAP2, 02, p75NGFR, GFAP, S-100, Synaptosis, Vimentin, Tau (Tau is only positive in cocultureof HNSCs+HOECs) could be found;(6)The supernatant fluid triturated from adult rat spinal cord stimulates NSCs to differentiate into neurons, but do not terminally differentiate;(7)Fibroblasts and O4 oligodendrocytes are not supported to grow under this culture medium.Part II: Isolation, culture and identification of rat and human olfactory ensheathing cellsOlfactory ensheathing cells/glials are the most powerful cells to enable the regeneration of axons in the central nervous system.

结果表明：①在适宜的浓度体外培养条件下，NSCs能形成典型的神经干细胞克隆球，Vimentin免疫荧光染色阳性，单靠丝裂原刺激或NSCs自我调节和分化诱导，不会产生典型的终末分化的成熟神经细胞；②海马源性的NSCs维持干细胞特性的时间更长，生物学特性更优；③传至第2～3代的NSCs尚未分化时移植最佳；④体外培养的NSCs能自我调控分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞、O2少突胶质细胞、雪旺氏细胞染色阳性克隆球和前体细胞；⑤各种子代克隆球和细胞存在广泛的突触联系；⑥NSCs与OECs联合培养时，不需丝裂原刺激即能形成克隆球，获得大量Vimentin、GFAP、MAP2、O2、p75NGFR、GFAP、S-100、Synaptosis、Vimentin、Tau(Tau只有人HNSCs+HOECs联合培养时出现阳染)染色阳性的克隆球和细胞；⑦脊髓研磨后的上清液刺激神经干细胞向神经元方向分化，但并不出现终末分化；⑧本研究培养条件不利于成纤维细胞、O4生长。

On the basis of the characteristics of sliding mode and the ability of selftaught of neuron, a control strategy of sliding mode variable structure control based on self-adaptive adjusting of neuron is put forward and is applied to positioning control of a hydraulic servo system.

基于滑模特点和神经元的学习特性，提出一种基于神经元自适应调节的滑模变结构控制策略，并把它应用于一液压非线性伺服系统的位置控制。

The present study was performed to investigated the effects of sex hormones on the cell proliferation and differentiation of embryonic chick pituitary cells and peripheral neurons in vivo and in vitro, we injected specific corresponding receptor inhibitor in vivo to investigate the related mechanisms of sex hormones on the peripheral neurons.

本研究通过体内实验、体外实验研究了性激素对鸡胚垂体细胞和鸡胚外周神经元的增殖、分化的调节功能，通过在体注射性激素受体的特异抑制剂来研究性激素对外周神经元作用的相关机理，并通过检测鸡胚和绵羊胚胎垂体发育过程中雌激素受体的变化对雌激素调节内分泌细胞的作用机理进行了比较研究。

Change of sodium pump activity is involved in hypoxic injury in rat cortical neurons. High affinity sodium pump is re lated to the protection of hypoxic injury and low affinity sodium pump is related to the hypoxic injury.

Na，K-ATP酶活性改变参与了皮质神经元的缺氧性损伤，其中高汞和力Na，K-ATP酶与皮质神经元缺氧性损伤保护作用有关，而低亲和力Na，K-ATP酶则与其缺氧性损伤有关。

The results suggest that administration of sodium salicylate can decrease the expression of NGB mRNA and protein of spiral ganglion cells in guinea pig and these changes are relative with the dosage of sodium salicylate.

水杨酸钠可显著降低螺旋神经节神经元NGB mRNA和蛋白表达；水杨酸钠对螺旋神经节神经元NGB mRNA和蛋白表达是剂量依赖性的。

Thus, salicylate is widely used for studying the mechanisms of tinnitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of salicylate on voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the inferior colliculus and the auditory cortex neurons by use of the whole-cell patch clamp method, in order to obtain insight into the relations of tinnitus and voltage-gated channels.

本研究首次将膜片钳的实验技术和离子通道的基础理论引入耳鸣中枢机制的研究中，利用全细胞膜片钳记录技术，观察水杨酸钠对大鼠听觉通路上的两个重要部位——下丘、颞皮层的神经元细胞膜上电压门控性钠、钾、钙离子通道特性的影响，探讨听觉通路上神经元的电压门控性离子通道与耳鸣的关系。

BMSCs expressing Ad-GFP had three types of subpopulation structures under a fluorescence microscope; when the virus titer was ≥ 1×10^6 PFU/mL, BMSCs proliferation was suppressed at the early stage, in a dose-dependent manner.

荧光显微镜下可见表达Ad—GFP的BMSCs有三种亚群结构：滴度≥1 10^6PFU／mL时，BMSCs增殖在早期受到抑制，且呈剂量依赖；转染Ad—GFP的BMSCs经β一巯基乙醇诱导可分化为神经元样细胞，神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性。

The mechanisms underlying these biases of subcortical neurons are still under investigation.

视皮层内较强的方位、方向选择性主要是由视皮层内部机制形成的，而皮层下神经元也具有明显的方位、方向敏感性，并对视皮层神经元的方位、方向选择性有初步的贡献，然而这种皮层下方位、方向敏感性的形成机制仍在进一步的探索中。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。