神经元

Neuronal death in hippocampus in epileptic rats induced by pilocarpin includes necrosis and apopto is. Oxidative stress is involved in hippocampal neuronal damage in epileptic rats induced by pilocarpine.

PILO诱导的海马神经元死亡包括坏死和凋亡两种形式，氧化应激机制参与了PILO诱导的海马神经元损伤。

A neural network is then used to represent the estimation of potentials,both the parameterized TD(0) learning formulas and algorithm are also derived for approximating the policy evaluation.By the approximation values of potentials and approximation policy iteration,a unified neuro-dynamic programming optimization approach is consequently proposed for both two criteria.

根据定义式，建立性能势在平均和折扣性能准则下统一的即时差分公式，并利用一个神经元网络来表示性能势的估计值，导出参数TD(0)学习公式和算法，进行逼近策略评估；然后，根据性能势的逼近值，通过逼近策略迭代来实现两种准则下统一的神经元动态规划(neuro-dynamic programming，NDP)优化方法。

In the normal rats (n=5、6), CGRP-LI were mainly present in small and some medium-sized neurons and the primary afferent fibers and ter- minals in laminae Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ,Ⅹ and Lissauer's tract of the spinal cord; GAL- and SP-LI were mainly present in small neurons and the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. After the adjuvant injection both CGRP-and SP-LI were in- creased corresponding to the development of arthritis. On day 2, CGRP-and SP-LI were moderately increased in laminae Ⅰ,Ⅱ and the posterior commis- sure of the spinal cord and small neurons in DRG, while SP was obviously in- creased in the superficial layers and DRG. On day 14, CGRP-LI were marked- ly enhanced in the above regions with the development of polyarthritis. Some- times many strongly stained long fibers could be seen in the posteriot commis- sure.

在DRG中，CGRP主要分布于小和中等神经元之中，SP和GAL主要分布于小神经元之中；2、注入弗氏完全佐剂（含冻干结核菌0.5mg）后第2天动物（各5~6例）产生具有明显红、肿、热、痛和痛敏的急性关节炎，免疫组化实验观察到注射侧脊髓背角和DRG中CGRP-和SP-LI明显增加；在佐剂后第14天，动物患肢肿胀、痛敏和自发痛均进一步加重，部分动物健肢也出现红肿，产生多发性关节炎时，脊髓背角浅层和DRG中CGRP-和SP-LI增加更为明显，并且在灰质后联合中可见许多深染的CGRP-LI长纤维；在佐剂后第21和28天，随着佐剂性关节炎的逐渐恢复，脊髓背角和DRG中CGRP-和SP-LI也接近正常。

Results:(1)The NPY neurons are typically small and medium neurons with triangular or spindle-shaped perikaryons. Most of them have 1-3 slender, poorly ramified primary dendrites.

结果：(1)NPY和POMC神经元在形态上存在明显差异，典型的NPY神经元细胞体较小，成三角形或纺锤形，大部分具有1-3个细小的，不分枝的一级树突。

Most of them have 1-3 slender,poorly ramified primarydendrites.(2)IGF-1 enhanced the amplitude of I_in DIV 7d NPY neurons and slightlyshifted the steady-state activation curve to negative potentials,however,the steady-stateinactivation curve was not altered.

结果：(1)NPY神经元在形态上具有明显特点，典型的NPY神经元细胞体较小，成三角形或纺锤形，大部分具有1-3个细小的、不分枝的一级树突。

In order to improve the arithmetic, a king of self - correcting gain K adaptive PID control way is presented by using recursion formula of gain K in adaptive PSD controller.

并推导了为改进其应用上的不足，将自适应PSD控制器中递推计算增益K的方法应用到单神经元的自适应PID控制，构成具有自动调整增益K值的单神经元自适应PID控制器的学习算法。

CONCLIUSION: Human myoblast could be induced to neuron-like cells treated with ciliary neurotrophic factor and Salvia miltiorrhiza injection. The p44/p42 kinase participates in redifferentiation of myoblasts by phosphorylation.

经睫状神经因子预诱导后逐渐去分化的成肌细胞，在丹参注射液的诱导下能够成功分化为表达神经元特异蛋白标记物的神经元样细胞，p44/p42激酶通过磷酸化参与了成肌细胞的再分化过程。

The pathways that regulate tone are similar to those that regulate voluntary and involuntary motor movements and, as a final common pathway, involve the spinal reflex arc.

控制张力的传导通路和那些控制随意或非随意运动的通路是一样的，即脊髓反射弧，这是一个最后的公共通路：控制肌纤维的α运动神经元位于脊髓前角，发出反射弧的传出纤维，源自肌梭的传入冲动经由Ⅰa纤维传向脊髓，这些直接与α运动神经元连接的轴突中的一部分激活主动肌。

Alpha motor neurons that innervate muscle fibers are located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord, and comprise the efferent limb of this reflex arc.

这是一个单突触反射通路，运动依赖感受器的反馈，间接的Ⅰa传入纤维也在后角与抑制的中间神经元突触，这就能通过依次激活与α运动神经元连接的拮抗肌来抑制主动肌的紧张。

Results Following HRP injection into uvala muscles, labeled motoneurons were located in the rostral section of nucleus ambiguus.

结果 悬雍垂肌的运动神经元位于同侧疑核中；切断一侧副神经延脑根后，疑核内的标记神经元消失。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。