神经元

Through immunocytochemistry study, we found that the α3 and/or α5 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are predominantly expressed in the oxytocinergic neurons. Our finding is quite different from the conclusion of the British scholar Dr. Mason's work in 1980s. We also found in this study that, the α3 and/or α5 subunits of N-AChR can also be expressed on the axons of oxytocinergic neurons, and these immunoreactive axons could be seen projecting to the median eminence and further to the posterior end of neurohypophysis. In the hypothalamus of the 7-day postnatal pup rats, the expression patterns of α3 and/or α5 subunits of N-AChR are similar to that in adult rats.

我们用免疫组化的方法发现，α3和/或α5型烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor，N-AChR)亚单位在大鼠下丘脑OT能神经元中呈优势性的表达，这与上世纪八十年代英国学者Mason类似工作的结论不一致；而且我们还发现α3和/或α5型N-AChR亚单位还表达在OT能神经元的轴突，此阳性免疫反应的轴突一直延续到正中隆起和神经垂体的末端；在新生7天大鼠的下丘脑，α3和/或α5型N-AChR亚单位的分布类似成年鼠。

Results ①Compared to sham group, ISH and IHC of rat hypothalamic CRHshow positive cells numbers increase, positive areas enlarge and average gray scaledecreases, which reveals the expression of hypothalamic CRH neurons enhances afterPX;②The enhancement of ISH and IHC of hypothalamic CRH in PX rats aftermelatonin supplementation dose-dependently recovers, but it can't return to be normaleither in high dose group or in low dose group and either at 4th week or at 8th week;③IHC of CRH in median eminence of neurohypophysis shows positive areas enlargeand average gray scale decreases, which reveals the releasing of CRH fromhypothalamic CRH neurons increases;④ELISA of CRH in serum shows thedifferences of CRH concentrations among all groups are not significant, which indicates PX and melatonin supplementation have no significant effect on CRH levels.

结果： ①松果体摘除后大鼠下丘脑室旁核CRH 原位杂交和免疫组化的结果与假手术对照组相比均显示阳性细胞数增多、阳性面积增加、平均灰度降低，提示松果体摘除后下丘脑CRH 神经元的表达增强；②松果体摘除大鼠补充褪黑素后，下丘脑CRH 原位杂交和免疫组化染色增强呈剂量依赖性恢复，不过不论是低剂量组还是高剂量组，也不论是术后4 周还是术后8周，均不能恢复至正常；③松果体摘除后神经垂体正中隆起CRH 免疫组化结果显示阳性面积增加、平均灰度降低，提示下丘脑CRH 神经元释放CRH 增加；④ELISA 法检测血清CRH结果示各组血清CRH 浓度差异没有显著性，表明松果体摘除及补充褪黑素对血清CRH 水平没有显著影响。

Results ①Compared to sham group, ISH and IHC of rat hypothalamic CRHshow positive cells numbers increase, positive areas enlarge and average gray scaledecreases, which reveals the expression of hypothalamic CRH neurons enhances afterPX;②The enhancement of ISH and IHC of hypothalamic CRH in PX rats aftermelatonin supplementation dose-dependently recovers, but it can't return to be normaleither in high dose group or in low dose group and either at 4th week or at 8th week;③IHC of CRH in median eminence of neurohypophysis shows positive areas enlargeand average gray scale decreases, which reveals the releasing of CRH fromhypothalamic CRH neurons increases;④ELISA of CRH in serum shows thedifferences of CRH concentrations among all groups are not significant, whichindicates PX and melatonin supplementation have no significant effect on CRH levels.

结果： ①松果体摘除后大鼠下丘脑室旁核CRH 原位杂交和免疫组化的结果与假手术对照组相比均显示阳性细胞数增多、阳性面积增加、平均灰度降低，提示松果体摘除后下丘脑CRH 神经元的表达增强；②松果体摘除大鼠补充褪黑素后，下丘脑CRH 原位杂交和免疫组化染色增强呈剂量依赖性恢复，不过不论是低剂量组还是高剂量组，也不论是术后4 周还是术后8周，均不能恢复至正常；③松果体摘除后神经垂体正中隆起CRH 免疫组化结果显示阳性面积增加、平均灰度降低，提示下丘脑CRH 神经元释放CRH 增加；④ELISA 法检测血清CRH结果示各组血清CRH 浓度差异没有显著性，表明松果体摘除及补充褪黑素对血清CRH 水平没有显著影响。

Each neuron in each layer is connected to all neurons in next layer.

每一层的每个神经元连接到下一层的神经元。

The output of one neuron can be given as input to multiple neurons.

一个神经元的输出，可作为多个神经元的输入。

In recent years, rTMS has also been used as a therapeutic tool in a variety of neuropsychiatry disorders such as Parkinson disease and depression that were conceptualized in term of a dysfuction of neuronal circuits and neurons at a cellular and molecular level.

近年来rTMS更是在治疗一系列的神经精神疾患如帕金森病、抑郁等上取得了较好的效果，但其治疗机制尚不明了，而且这些神经精神疾病又被认为是神经环路和神经元在细胞及分子水平上的功能失调，因此探讨rTMS所致的磁刺激对中枢神经系统中神经元基因活性、神经介质或/和调质、结构变化等的调控作用有着重要的意义。

In the absence of insulin a high glucose environment was neurotoxic,and APP17 peptide was neuroprotective.

在无胰岛素的情况下，高糖环境对神经元有损伤作用，而APP17肽对神经元有一定的保护作用。

The results showed that the avian nLM cells were sensitive to edges moving across their ERFs, depending on the contrast, length, and orientation, but not on the shape and area size of the stimuli.

主要证据有：（1）运动边缘可诱导出强烈的视觉发放；（2）神经元视觉发放与刺激物形状和大小无关；（3）刺激物边缘模糊后神经元的视觉反应明显下降。

The strong responses of nLM neurons to whole-field patterns can be explained by integration of visual responses to many small edges within the stimulus pattern.

运动的全视野图样能诱导扁豆核神经元强烈发放，进而驱动视动震颤可解释为扁豆核神经元对图样中大量具有亮度对比的边缘进行整合的结果。

The results showed that IL-1 receptor-like immunoreactive neurons existed in both nodose ganglion and vagal paraganglion in normal rat. In nodose ganglion most of cells were small or medium in size, whereas almost all cells in vagal paraganglion were positive.

结果表明，正常大鼠结状神经节和迷走旁节中均存在IL-1Ⅰ型受体样免疫反应阳性的神经元，结状神经节中阳性神经元以中、小细胞为主；迷走旁节中几乎所有的细胞均呈IL-1Ⅰ型受体样免疫阳性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。