社会的

The fellow villager organizations were important folk strength, and played the extremely essential role in social extension, such as innon-native population's management, aid to the weak potential crowd, taking strong measures agairst crimes and keeping the urban security, mediation of civil disputes as well as participation in municipal administration.

同乡组织作为清末民初上海社会重要的民间力量，无论在外来人口的管理、弱势人群的社会救助、打击犯罪维护城市治安、调解民事纠纷以及参与市政管理等社会整合的多个方面都在很大程度上承担并填补了官方缺位而留下的空白，在区城社会的转型和整合中发挥了极为关键的作用。

By the way of reviewing the literature, in society, we found the evolution of gender role departing from matriarchy deprived of the right of participation in women's sport. Gender stereotyping al so influenced the opportunities of participation in women's sport. Men play the leading roles in social structure and most of the sport programs ignore women's demands.

从文献探讨中得知，影响台湾女性参与运动的因素，就社会面来看，从母系社会到父系社会的性别角色演变，影响了女性参与运动的权利；对女性的性别刻板印象，也影响了女性参与运动的机会；而由男性所主导的社会结构中，有关运动的一切规划，也是以男性为主，较为忽略女性的需求。

It analyzed the influence of Christianity from positive and negative in Inner Mongolia. It pointed out that company from the middle period of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century with the deep-going of Christianity in Inner Mongolia, on one hand, it brought about some unfavorable influence for the local people. On the other hand, in order to convenient for doing Missionary work, all kinds of these social welfares which were took adopt by Missionary, speed up the advance of Inner Mongolic society.

从正反两方面分析了此间基督宗教对内蒙古社会的影响，指出19世纪中叶至20世纪初，伴随着基督宗教对内蒙古社会的深入，给当地群众的生产生活造成一定不利影响，但传教士为了便于传教工作的开展，所采取的一系列社会福利措施，在客观上加速了内蒙古社会的进步，这一点上是可以肯定的。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼"发生学结构主义"小说社会学理论，选择"结构"作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，"理解"和"解释"小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

The prescription leads to the reallotment of the rights, but the traditional prescription doesn't adapt to the improvement of the modern society in which everyone is seaching for the maximum of the use of the social resources.

时效导致了权利的重新配置，而以维护社会秩序为主旨的传统时效在价值取向上已不再适应以追求社会资源利用最大化为目标的现代社会的发展需要，因为权利是社会的稀缺资源，权利配置的最终目的就是要使得权利能最大发挥效用，所以作为权利配置方式之一的时效应以效率为首要价值。

At present, one of the difficulties facing popular culture study is the weakening of criticism and the emptiness of political concern, which according to some scholars, was caused by the absence of social analysis, and the rising up of semeiotic study. As political and economical paradigm carries out a thorough analysis of culture and society which is based on the solid social practice, it can make up to the deficiency of the current cultural study.

本章最后本着这种范式理想，以改革开放后的中国社会为个案分析了社会结构与大众文化功能之间的对应关系：如果说现代社会的中间层是整个社会的政治稳压器，那么中间层所代表的大众文化也是文化意识形态领域的稳压器，稳压器的作用就是削峰填谷，所以大众文化既反对保守，也反对盲目的激进。

Building a harmonious society is an target that is in line with objective trend of historical development,the process of moving toward a harmonious society is a creative construction process and all the practices are wrong that discover a prototype of a harmonious negative of hierarchical and identity system also sublation of contract theory and practical forms.

构建和谐社会是一个合乎历史发展客观趋势的目标，走向和谐社会的进程是一个创造性的建构过程，一切到人类历史上的某个阶段中去发现和谐社会原型的做法都是错误的。和谐社会的建构过程既是对等级制、身份制的彻底否定，也是对契约论及其实践形态的扬弃。

To be the philosophy base, rehabilitation model and regressing model put forward a different sight of the intention of penal execution from the traditionary which opinion to put an eye for an eye. They think the criminal's misdeed is an representation of unadapted to the society, and the tenet of punishment is to help them accommodate the circumstance, but the traditionary cannot be propitious to realize the tenet, so we must cut short the applying in the range of which the community can bear step by step; See from the economic base, the benefit of community correction is better than imprisonment no matter in execution or in the opportunity cost.

从哲学基础而言，康复模式和回归社会模式提出了不同于传统的报复主义观点的刑罚执行目的观，该观点认为犯罪人的犯罪是其不适应社会的一种表现，刑罚主要是为了帮助其适应这个社会，而传统的监禁方式并不能有助于该目的的实现，因而在社会可以容忍的条件内应该逐步缩减其适用范围；从经济学基础而言，无论从行刑成本还是从机会成本而言，社区矫正都比监禁刑更好的获得了效益最大化的效果。

Thespiritual contract between the university and the intellectuals implies that the universityspirit is commeasurable with the intellectuals spirit, and they are usually illustrated asfreedom, independence and criticism.

在宗教成为社会主导力量之后，神学信仰与自治是大学与宗教发生作用的集中表现；当政治成为社会的主要干预力量时，大学面临着如何统一国家本位与学术本位的矛盾；当经济是社会发展的重要筹码时，大学极端地膨胀了服务功能，充当着服务站的社会角色。大学的本性——学术性与教育性决定了自由、独立和批判精神是大学应&执守&的精神。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼&发生学结构主义&小说社会学理论，选择&结构&作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，&理解&和&解释&小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。