社会学

The application of sociological method to literary criticism and itsconcrete steps are very important in that they help to arrive at literariness.

确认社会学研究方法在文学文本分析中具有转换的广阔空间，探讨如何转换，是文学批评抵达文学性的重要一环。

Livingston was one of the founders of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures.

利文斯敦是现代社会学中，关于农业学的推广者。

And the theoretical base and research methods are, with the guidance of the Marxism, the Dialectical Materialism and the Historical Materialism, primarily utilizing the Logical positivism and the Theory of Institution Changes and the Organization Theory to analyze the core values of Socialism, the Village and its evolution, the New Socialist Village and its construction.

本文的理论依据和研究方法是以组织理论、社会学和马克思主义(马克思辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义)为理论基础，主要运用逻辑实证法，并一定程度上借助于制度变迁理论以及现代生物进化论的成果，对农村的本质及其演化、社会主义的核心价值观、社会主义新农村及其建设规律进行全面系统的分析。

The creative thoughts of logicism, historism,and new historism are explained in the thesis firstly ,and then it wants to give supply the rules and ways of achieving it from the dimensions of scientific philosophy and scientific sociology .the thesis is divided into four parts:The first part stresses the thought of theoretical creation of logicism.

本文首先对逻辑主义、历史主义和新历史主义创新思想进行阐释，吸收了各种创新思想中的合理内核，然后提出多向度的创新观。本文将从科学哲学和科学社会学两个向度对理论创新进行研究。本文主要分为四个部分。第一部分着重论述了逻辑主义的创新思想。

If self-hatred was a factor, it was not, for us, a matter of hating lower-class blacks but of hating what we did not want to be

山姆只是黑人形象的一种自我定义的方式，而这种定义并不具有社会学意义上的正确性。

Ensure the college and university teachers" main status in teaching. 6. reform the personnel administration system of colleges and universities.The unique features of this paper are: 1. This thesis, through analyzing the disorderly flowing in college and university teachers, revealed the connotation of the rational and orderly flowing of teachers. It"s unique among the same research. 2. This thesis, through applying the knowledge of higher pedagogy, educational economics, educational administration and educational sociology, etc. made a macroanalysis on the flowing of college and university teachers. Its distinctive from other papers which only focus on the phenomena and microanalysis. 3. This thesis, based on theoretical studies, put forward several practical measures for bringing about the rational and orderly flowing of college and university teachers. It puts attention on combining theoretical research with practical research.

本文的创新点在于：1、通过分析高校师资流动中的无序现象，揭示了高校师资合理有序流动的内涵，这一点在同类研究中是没有的；2、能够综合运用所学过的高等教育学、教育经济学、教育管理学和教育社会学等知识，从宏观上系统深入地研究了我国高校师资的流动问题，有别于其他的现象研究和微观研究；3、本文在理论研究的基础上对促进高校师资的合理有序流动提出了一系列有实践指导意义的对策措施，注重理论研究与实践研究相结合。

The enhanced patient awareness of self-protection, change of legal environment in which health care institutions exist, maladaptation of health facilities and professionals to changing social roles, and poor social acknowledgement to health work as a special industry are of the social etiology of increasing medical disputes particularly in recent years.

人们自我保护意识的增强、医疗机构所处的法律环境的重大变化、医疗机构和医务人员对社会角色的转变适应不良、社会对医疗工作的特殊性缺乏应有的认同等，是近年来导致医疗纠纷发生增多的社会学原因。

Chapter 5 is on the Sociology of Knowledge of Mannheim because the Sociology of Knowledge show the ideology theory of Mannheim.

第5章讨论的是"从马克思意识形态理论到当代知识社会学意识形态理论"。

On the basis of analyzing this theory,the article clears up the difference between Mannheim s theory and Marxist Materialist Conception of History.

本文考察了知识社会学的中心思想，即曼海姆的"社会境况决定论"，并在此基础上探讨了曼海姆这一理论同马克思主义唯物史观的区别。

One even finds such views in the forms of the sociology of knowledge and science developed from the 1920s on in the works of Karl Mannheim and Robert K.

人们甚至可以发现这样的观点出现在自1920年代发展起来的科学知识社会学的形式之中，Karl 曼海姆与罗伯特·莫顿及其追随者的思想中）。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。