社会地位

The author firstly combs the teachers sources of Shuyuan in Ming and Qing dynasties, points out that there are four main sources for it, and concludes that making full use of social resources is a valid path to solve the problem of teachers sources then.Secondly, the present research consults Shuyuan teachers employment way in Ming and Qing dynasties, combs its three ways and deeply inquires into the subjective and objective condition for them.Thirdly, the present research analyses Shuyuan teaching characteristics, management and promotion, sums up seven main teaching characteristics and analyses the advantage and disadvantage of them,Further more , the present research consults Shuyuan teachers management and promotion, makes an analysis on its historic courses why it"s informal.Finally, the present research analyses the Shuyuan teachers" economic treatment, social status and the influence and effect made to the politics, economy, military, social life and cultural education where they were situated in Ming and Qing dynasties, and concludes that the Shuyuan teachers in Ming and Qing dynasties actively participated in the local social activities in their peculiar upper class gentlemanship and greatly influenced and promoted the policy making and carrying out of the local public affairs, meanwhile, they promoted the communication and development of local learning and culture , and trained quite many men for profession for the locals.

作者首先对明清时期书院教师的来源进行了梳理，指出了明清书院教师的四种主要来源，认为充分利用社会资源是明清书院解决教师来源的有效途径；其次，对明清时期书院教师的聘用方式进行了历史考察，梳理出明清时期书院存在着三种教师聘用方式，深入探讨了这三种方式并存的主客观条件；再次，对明清时期书院教师的教学特点进行了分析，归纳出七个主要教学特点，并说明其利弊；此外，探讨了明清时期书院教师的管理及升迁问题，分析了其存在的不规范性的历史原因；最后，剖析了明清时期书院教师的经济待遇、社会地位及对书院所在地的政治、经济、军事及社会生活与文化教育所可能产生的作用与影响，得出明清书院教师以自己特有的上层绅士身份与地位积极地参与到当地社会生活之中，并在相当程度上影响与促进了地方公共事务的决策与实施；同时，他们促进了当地学术及文化的交流与发展，为当地培养出了大批的杰出人才。

In marriage family life ,a lot of female active pursues love, ask dominator self fate, enjoy the freedom of altitude in social intercourse and marriage, they still uphold houshold duties, often appear with the identity of family dominator, is have with lifetime " healthy woman holds gateway, as soon as wining true man " say .

但这种变化也只是在封建专制制度相对衰微的时候出现的暂时现象，随着中国封建社会的继续发展，随着大一统封建集权专制的再次确立，妇女的社会地位就每况愈下，一日不如一日了。而且，这个时期妇女社会地位的提高又有着历史的局限性和不平衡性，北朝少数民族妇女的社会地位较汉族妇女相对要高，上层妇女的社会地位明显高于其他阶层的广大妇女。

The higher social status of introducer is, the better job will be found by interviewee, and the higher social status of job founder may acquire.

第三，就社会资源而言，介绍人的社会地位对求职结果存在着积极的影响，而且寻求帮助的介绍人的社会地位越高，求职者可能获得的自我地位也会越高。

There isn"t inevitable relationship between matrilineal and matriarchy. Secondly, the status of women isn"t inevitably determined by their practical function in the economic activities.

第二，妇女在生产活动中的实际作用并不能决定她在社会中的地位，因为她的实际作用与社会给予她的认可二者之间并不完全一致，我们还得考虑不同社会中社会评价系统对女性社会地位的制约。

D Social variation 社会变异 Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories which reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational and ethnic background, as well as their sex and age.

语言的社会变异产生了社会方言。社会方言又可以分为更小的语言类别。导致语言社会变异的主要因素包括语言使用者的不同的社会地位，经济地位，学历，职业，年龄，性别等。

He bid me observe it, and I should always find, that the Calamitles of Life were shared among the upper and lower Part of Mankind; but that expos'd to so many Vicisitudes as the higher or lower Part of Mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many Distempers and Uneasiness either of Body or Mind, as those were who, by vicious Living, Luxury and Extravagancies on one Hand, or by hard Labour, Want of Necessaries, and mean or insufficient Diet on the other Hand, bring Distempers upon themselves by the natural Consequences of their Way of Living; That the middle Station of Life was calculated for, all kind of Vertues and all kinds of Enjoyments; that Peace and Plenty were the Hand-maids of a middle Fortune; that Temperance, Moderation, Quietness, Health, Society, all agreeable Diversions, and all desirable Pleasures, were the Blessings attending the middle Station of Life; that this Way Men went silently and smoothly thro' the World, and comfortably out of it, not embarass'd with the Labours of the Hands or of the Head, not sold to the Life of Slavery for daily Bread, or harrast with perplex'd Circumstances, which rob the Soul of Peace, and the Body of Rest; not enrag'd with the Passion of Envy, or secret burning Lust of Ambition for great things; but in easy Circumstances sliding gently thro' the World, and sensibly tasting the Sweets of living, without the bitter, feeling that they are happy, and learning by every Day's Experience to know it more sensibly.

就我的社会地位而言，正好介于两者之间，即一般所说的中间地位。从他长期的经验判断，这是世界上最好的阶层，这种中间地位也最能使人幸福。他们既不必像下层大众从事艰苦的体力劳动而生活依旧无着；也不会像那些上层人物因骄奢淫逸、野心勃勃和相互倾轧而弄得心力交瘁。他说，我自己可以从下面的事实中认识到，中间地位的生活确实幸福无比；这就是，人人羡慕这种地位，许多帝王都感叹其高贵的出身给他们带来的不幸后果，恨不得自己出生于贫贱与高贵之间的中间阶层。明智的人也证明，中间阶层的人能获得真正的幸福。《圣经》中的智者也曾祈祷：&使我既不贫穷，也不富裕。&他提醒我，只要用心观察，就会发现上层社会和下层社会的人都多灾多难，唯中间阶层灾祸最少。中间阶层的生活，不会像上层社会和下层社会的人那样盛衰荣辱，瞬息万变。而且，中间地位不会像阔佬那样因挥霍无度、腐化堕落而弄得身心俱病；也不会像穷人那样因终日操劳、缺吃少穿而搞得憔悴不堪。唯有中间地位的人可享尽人间的幸福和安乐。中等人常年过着安定富足的生活。适可而止，中庸克己，健康安宁，交友娱乐，以及生活中的种种乐趣，都是中等人的福份。这种生活方式，使人平静安乐，怡然自得地过完一辈子，不受劳心劳力之苦。他们既不必为每日生计劳作，或为窘境所迫，以至伤身烦神；也不会因妒火攻心，或利欲薰心而狂躁不安。中间阶层的人可以平静地度过一生，尽情地体味人生的甜美，没有任何艰难困苦；他们感到幸福，并随着时日的过去，越来越深刻地体会到这种幸福。

He call'd me one Morning into his Chamber, where he confined by the Gout, and expostulated very warmly me upon this Subject: He ask'd me what Reasons more a meer wandring inclination I had for leaving my Father House and my native Country, where I might be well introduced, and had a Prospect of raising my Fortunes Application and Industry, with a Life of Ease and Pleasure He told me it was for Men of desperate Fortunes on one Hand, or of aspiring, Superior Fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon Adventures, to rise by Enterprize, and make themselves famous in Undertakings of a Nature out of the common Road; that these things were all either too far above me, or too far below me; that mine was the middle State, or what might be called the upper Station of Low Life, which he had found by long Experience was the best State in the World, the most suited to human Happiness, not exposed to the Miseries and Hardships, the Labour and Sufferings of the mechanick Part of Mankind, and not embarass'd with the Pride, Luxury, Ambition and Envy of the upper Part of Mankind.

一天早晨，他把我叫进他的卧室；因为，那时他正好痛风病发作，行动不便。他十分恳切地对我规劝了一番。他问我，除了为满足我自己漫游四海的癖好外，究竟有什么理由要离弃父母，背井离乡呢？在家乡，我可以经人引荐，在社会上立身。如果我自己勤奋努力，将来完全可以发家致富，过上安逸快活的日子。他对我说，一般出洋冒险的人，不是穷得身无分文，就是妄想暴富；他们野心勃勃，想以非凡的事业扬名于世。但对我来说，这样做既不值得，也无必要。就我的社会地位而言，正好介于两者之间，即一般所说的中间地位。从他长期的经验判断，这是世界上最好的阶层，这种中间地位也最能使人幸福。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician's position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician's position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physician's social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased. It became a very negative factor to the development of medicine.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响；宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician"s position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician"s position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physicians social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响：宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

In this process, it is necessary to achieve the synchronous converter of occupational mobility and status, in employment, housing, social security, social status, values, lifestyles and so on convert to the cities' citizens, and it is a socio-economic process, there is bound to have a lot of obstacles or facing a lot of questions, to research the traditional peasants to modern civilization, to accelerate China's economic and social development has important practical significance.

在这一过程中，要实现职业流动与身份地位的同步转换，在就业、住房、社会保障、社会地位、价值观念、生活方式等方面向城市市民转换的社会经济过程，必然存在许多障碍，面临许多问题，研究传统农民脱胎换骨走向现代文明，对加速我国经济社会发展有重要的现实意义。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐