社会

This article discusses the importance of the rule of law for building a harmonious society, from that the rule of law is an inherent requirement for social harmony, the rule of

本文从法治是和谐社会的内在要求、是和谐社会的重要保障、是构建和谐社会的基本途径等方面论述了法治对于构建和谐社会的重要性。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

It is common knowledge and rather obvious that contemporary art and pop culture have been influencing and mixing up with each other with ever stronger momentum. Generally speaking, such phenomenon is caused by the following factors: first of all, pop culture is an unavoidable existence in the field of the contemporary social culture, especially in urban culture. Elements of pop culture are always employed by artists who attempt to present the modern social life in a critical, ironical or neutral way. But their standpoint and intention of choosing the visual resources are different from that of the mass media and the public.

众所周知，在当代社会中艺术与大众文化的相互渗透、混杂的现象已经明显加剧，造成这种现象的原因大致有这么几点：首先，大众文化是当代社会文化领域，特别是都市文化领域中一个不能回避的问题，不管艺术家是处于批判、反讽或者是不动声色的呈现当代社会生活的时候都涉及到运用大众文化形态的问题，只不过艺术家选择这些视觉资源的时候其出发点及立场与大众传媒和社会公众不同。

Rooted in the diversified, dynamic society of Taiwan, and taking as its reference the rich historical experience of the humanistic culture of Europe Europe's humanistic cultural evolution, this EURO PAGE forum aspires, through a more deep-reaching, thorough-going dialog with Europe, to examination our respective currents of humanistic thought, in hopes that through a deepening of Taiwan's perspectives on European and international society, and in consideration of the need for a breakthrough in Taiwan's status quo and related future policy directions, we may set the foundation for Taiwan's development of a knowledge economy.

立足於多元、动态的台湾社会，并面对具有丰富历史经验的欧洲社会人文，本论坛旨在透过与欧洲更具深度、细致的对话，观照彼此社会人文思维的脉络，期能藉此深化台湾对欧洲、对国际社会的视野，并思考台湾现状之突破、未来的相关政策走向之探讨，以奠定台湾发展知识经济的基础。

Every language contains plenty of special words that carry certain peculiar social meaning expressing the individual's social information such as status,education and the relative social positions of the addressers.

语言是在社会中使用的，社会的各种因素如社会政治制度、历史传统、意识形态、交际者的社会信息等不能不对语言产生各种影响。

This article attempts constructs the society under the rule of law this historic task from our country the reality to embark, dealt with the relations betweens harmonious society and the prosecutorial power and have analyzed Constructs harmonious social in the process to the question which the prosecutorial power faces, and give my advice to promote prosecutorial power and harmonious society.

本文从我国建设法治社会这一历史任务出发，阐述和谐社会中的检察权，并分析了建设和谐社会的过程中检察权所面临的问题，并就完善检察权，推进社会和谐提出了自己的建议。

After its reform, especially the system reform, China had made great changes in social structure and social mobility. Since then, higher education became a preferential element in social mobility, college students once took the place of 1950s armymen, of 1960s workers and 1970s carders as the first choice of people in social mobility.

改革开放以来，体制改革引发了中国大规模的社会阶层结构变动和社会流动，高等教育一度成为社会流动的优先因素，大学生向上的社会流动一度取代了50年代的军人、60年代的工人和70年代的干部。

The produce and the development of the catchwords have closely relationship with social life. The catchwords can spread extensively because the social culture that they bring particularly reflect people\'s moral conception, cultural development, aesthetic sentiment and the attitude or the bias of the society in certain period.

流行语的产生、发展与社会生活息息相关，它之所以能够广泛传播，正是由于其本身所携带的社会文化信息，典型反映人们在当前社会动态、道德观念、文化发展、审美情趣以及民众对社会的某些看法乃至某种偏见。

However, under the market economic system, a lot of affairs of the society should be finished by oneself socially , it realize to come to compete through equal value exchange, this require government to be keen-witted and capable high-efficient honest objectively, lower costs and foster the social autonomy organization, pursue the socialization of public management, and donging so, it can promot the government and the society to begin good interacting.

然而，在市场经济体制下，社会的许多事务应由社会自身来完成，应通过等价交换和公平竞争来实现，这在客观上要求政府精干、高效和廉洁，降低成本和培育社会自治组织，推行公共管理社会化，促进政府与社会的良性互动。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician's position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician's position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physician's social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased. It became a very negative factor to the development of medicine.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响；宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。