社会

In this dissertation,firstly,the author review the reaserching harvest of scholars home and abroad,then ,the author research the ideology origin of the CSR from the Eastern and Western worlds,and study several essential issue of the theory of the CSR.

在本文中，作者对国内外学者在企业社会责任理论方面的研究成果进行了回顾，并对企业社会责任的东西方思想渊源进行了研究，在此基础上，研究了企业社会责任理论中的一些基本问题，并总结了中国企业社会责任内涵的共性及特性。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

Nevertheless, the commercial experiences in the 18th century renewed the contemporary thinkers' the model of order. In the trend of Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith discovered a new model of order- Social Order, which was far from Hobbesian Political Order. Smith thought order coming from the interior of a society, rather than common authority to construct a society.

然而，十八世纪的商业经验让新一代的思想家们重新思考不同模式的秩序观，身居时代潮流的史密斯发现不同於霍布斯式政治秩序的社会秩序，他认为秩序是社会内生的产物，而非经由在社会之外的共同权威来建构社会。

In marriage family life ,a lot of female active pursues love, ask dominator self fate, enjoy the freedom of altitude in social intercourse and marriage, they still uphold houshold duties, often appear with the identity of family dominator, is have with lifetime " healthy woman holds gateway, as soon as wining true man " say .

但这种变化也只是在封建专制制度相对衰微的时候出现的暂时现象，随着中国封建社会的继续发展，随着大一统封建集权专制的再次确立，妇女的社会地位就每况愈下，一日不如一日了。而且，这个时期妇女社会地位的提高又有着历史的局限性和不平衡性，北朝少数民族妇女的社会地位较汉族妇女相对要高，上层妇女的社会地位明显高于其他阶层的广大妇女。

They are Sean Hsiang-Lin Lei's "Techno-science, Democracy and Society in Transformation: Challenges for STS" and Hsin-Hsing Chen's "Superstitions, Imposture, Misunderstandings and Debates in the Science Wars".

本文探讨科学哲学在「科技与社会」中的角色与挑战，并企图回应《台湾社会研究》季刊第四十五期「科技与社会」专辑中雷祥麟的〈剧变中的科技、民主与社会〉与陈信行的〈科学战争中的迷信、骗局、误解与争辩〉两篇大作。

I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.

我认为把我们的社会系统从一个等级森严管理的以个人最大化产出和消费为目的的产业社会转化成一个人性化的以爱和其他原因全面发展人的可能性的产业社会，是所有社会计划的宗旨。

Meanwhile, it reviews the current situation of China's social credit from an empirical perspective and analyzes such kinds of reasons as historical and cultural reasons for China's loss of social credit, special reason for social transformation and system loss, and whence analyzes the necessity of management to social credit from such three aspects as the frangibility of moral, insurmountability of information's asymmetry and need of national interference.

本文试图通过分析信用与信用管理的一般特性，借鉴发达国家建立社会信用管理法律制度的经验，设计中国的社会信用管理法律制度，以寻求解决中国当前面临的信用困境的途径。本文旨在从政府干预市场的视角提出如何构建社会信用管理法律制度体系，并最终为社会信用水平的提高提供法律制度保障。本文具体内容由五章构成。

If, in their own social operation mechanism, mankind is able to use their intelligence of remodeling nature to form a natural motion of interaction and interfusion with social matters consciously and willingly, forming a naturally operating social mechanism, it will be the Great Dao society of mankind.

如果人类在自己的社会运行机制中，能够运用自己改造自然的智力，自觉自愿地与社会事物形成互动互化的自然运动，从而形成自然运行的社会机制，那就是人类的大道社会。

If,in their own social operation mechanisms, mankind is able to use their intelligence of remodeling nature to form a natural motion of interaction and interfusion with social matters consciously and willingly, forming a naturally operating social mechanism, it will be the Great Dao society of mankind.

如果人类在自己的社会运行机制中，能够运用自己改造自然的智力，自觉自愿地与社会事物形成互动互化的自然运动，从而形成自然运行的社会机制，那就是人类的大道社会。

Language is a social "interlingua" with which human beings communicate among themselves.

语言是一种社会现象，是人们社会交往的工具，这个工具依长期的社会历史和人文环境约定俗成，所以语言有着其社会属性及文化属性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。