社会

Considering that the definition of CSR is controversial, and different school has different opinion about the connotation and extension of it, this chapter first probes into the origin of CSR, and lay out different parlance about it, in order to rendering the standpoint of this dissertation impersonal, impartial and scientific; then according to the etymology and locution of CSR, comments on these parlance about it by means of logic discriminance; finally, by appraising the different theories, brings forward the appropriate definition for CSR in my own conceit, that is: CSR is the obligation for corporation to maintaining and enhancing the social commonweal besides its duty to pursuit profit-maximum for shareholders.

这一问题。鉴于企业社会责任是一个争议颇大的概念，其内涵和外延在不同学者的心目中大相径庭，为使本文的企业社会责任观尽量立基于客观、公正和科学之上，本章首先回到企业社会责任产生的本土之中，穷源竟委，对企业社会责任的不同界说进行展示；其次，依"企业社会责任"的语源和语境，运用逻辑学的判别方法，对各种观点展开评析；最后，斟酌各家之说，提出一个自以为妥帖的企业社会责任概念，这就是：企业社会责任乃指企业在谋求股东利润最大化之外所负有的维护和增进社会公益的义务。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

The author believe that our Party must has hers theory and reality basement to bing forward the geal of Constructing Socialist harmonious society.

笔者认为党提出&构建社会主义和谐社会&的目标是有其理论和现实基础的，这个目标的提出，对建设有中国特色的社会主义具有重大的政治、经济和理论意义；笔者以为，构建社会主义和谐社会是一个长期的历史过程，提出了全面提高党的执政能力，以科学发展观为指导，构建社会主义和谐社会的措施；坚持以人为本，提高党激发社会创造活力的本领；坚持从有利于全面发展的角度加强社会建设，提高党管理社会事务的本领；坚持从有利于协调发展的角度，提高党协调利益关系、促进社会公平和正义，实现社会安定团结的本领；加快推进经济结构调整和增长方式转变，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力；坚持从有利于可持续发展的角度来加强党的执政能力建设，实现人与自然的和谐发展。

This thesis is composed of four sections. Section 1 gives an overview of theories about elderly security. It involves the demand of the aged, the concept, content, influential factors of family elderly support, the concept, content, type, model and economic effect of public pension, theories searched from the study of Chinese elderly security. Section 2 introduces the history of family elderly support, analyses the reasons of the existence of it, expatiates on the factors that weaken the function of it, such as modernization of agriculture, population aging, family miniaturization, urbanization etc. section 3 introduces the history of the social old-age insurance in Chinese rural areas, analyses its impendency from the aspects of social stabilization, the rights and interests of the peasants, rural employment. Section 4 is the most important part of the thesis. It first refers to foreign practical experiences on rural elderly security, then demonstrates the elderly support at home which combines family elderly support and social elderly support, especially analyses the public pension.

全文共分四部分：第一部分是养老保障概论，介绍了老年人的养老需求，家庭养老的概念、内容及影响因素，社会养老保险的概念、内容、类型、模式及经济效应，中国农村养老保障研究的相关理论；第二部分是中国农村家庭养老分析，介绍了家庭养老的历史，分析了其长期存在的依据，并进一步阐述了农业现代化、人口老龄化、家庭小型化和城市化等对中国农村家庭养老的冲击，弱化了家庭养老的功能；第三部分是中国农村社会养老保险分析，介绍了中国农村社会养老保险的发展历史，从社会稳定、农民权益和农村就业等方面分析了建立社会养老保险的迫切性；第四部分是建立中国农村社会养老保险制度的政策建议，是文章的重点，在借鉴国外农村养老实践经验的基础上，阐述了适合我国农村现实的家庭养老和社会养老相结合的居家养老，并对其中的社会养老保险进行了比较细致的分析。

In the background dependence of political civilization,from the mercy and bounty of governor to the enjoyment and request of own rights embodies the efforts and struggles of the proletariat in order to constitute the socail assistance legal institutions,which offers the room of political system where the social assistance legal institutions are able to exist and develop and strengthen;In the background dependence of economic system,the simple truth which the economic foundation determines the superstructure exerts its advancing logic concretely and really,where the gap between the poor and the rich will be widened continuely in the condition of market economy,and the dependence on the social assistance legal institutions for the poor will be more rainforced,and the request of rights for social assistance will become intense increasingly;In the background dependence of cultural tradition,the relief ideology such as Great Harmony Society,the ideality of equal wealth and the pursuit of the idea that those who have no kin and cann't support themselves can all be cultivated and so on which goes back to ancient times has been depositted into a luscious cultural tradition and Confucianism allegates implementing the humanity politics and sparkplugs cultivating and compensating people,which results in the thoughts of taking civilian as the foundation that occupy the inrooted station in Chinese culture,and the arrangements of social assistance legal institutions response the continue of renation in Chinese traditional culture;In the background dependence of internationalization,the ideaistic assimilation and the spread of arterial values quicken the speed of civilized fusion,and the social assistance legal institutions should response positively the relative legislative concept and methods which the world has achieved the common understanding on the base of using initialively the legislative experiences in the developed country and the ones where the relative institutions reach a better performance for reference.

政治文明背景依赖方面，由统治者怜悯、恩赐到自己权利的享有和诉求，本身就体现出无产阶级为建立社会救助法律制度所付出的努力和奋斗，因此社会救助法律制度完全具有自己存在、发展和壮大的政治体制空间；经济体制背景依赖方面，经济基础决定上层建筑的朴实真理具体而实在地发挥着自己的演进逻辑，市场经济条件下贫富差距会继续扩大，贫困居民对社会救助法律制度的依赖会进一步加强，其社会救助权诉求也将会变得日益强烈；文化传统背景依赖方面，大同社会、均贫富理想、鳏寡孤独废疾者皆有所养的追求等中国源源流长的救济思想都已经沉淀为一种浓厚的文化传统，儒家思想主张实施仁政，倡导养民、恤民，民本思想在中国文化中占据着根深蒂固的地位，社会救助法律制度安排回应了中国传统文化脉络的延续；国际化背景依赖方面，观念的同化和主流价值观的流播，使文明的互融速度加快，社会救助法律制度需要主动借鉴发达国家以及相关制度具有较好绩效国家的立法经验，积极回应全球已达成共识的社会救助立法理念和方法。

But our country's present social security system actually has the hindrance function to the occupation mobility, the main performances are as follows: Two units social security system, the unequal tax revenue system in the social security, social security singleness in view of the impoverished social class, hardly carried and transferred characteristics of social security system , ignoring benefits protection of mobile staffs, lack of social security legislation , slow development of service system of social security ,lack of policies and measures on promoting regional motilities insocial security system.

但是，我国现行的社会保障制度却对职业流动有着一定的阻碍作用，主要表现为：二元的社会保障体系的存在，社会保障体系的便携性、可转移性较差，忽视流动职工的利益保护，社会保障立法的缺失，社会保障服务体系发展缓慢，社会保障中税收体系的不平等，针对贫困阶层的社会保障单一，社会保障体系缺少促进区域流动的政策与措施等方面。

By defining man and society, it is made clear that man and society are undividable. The history of mutual influence between man and society is one in which man and society evolve from one-sided development to all-round development. As for the relation between man and society, the survival principle, need principle, benefit principle and development principle must be abided by. The mode of this relationship must be built under the consideration of need and development, then the aim that man and society develop together can be reached.

这部分通过对人、社会内涵的界定，指出人是社会的人，社会是人的社会；人与社会的互动史就是人与社会由片面发展走向全面发展的历史；在人与社会的关系问题上，必须遵循生存原则、需要原则、利益原则和发展原则：从需要和发展的维度来构建人与社会关系的模式，从而达到人与社会共同发展的目的。

Muckraking was a massive social movement occurring in the beginning of the 20th century when America had just realized industrialization. Between 1902 and about 1915, the Muckrakers, writers/journalists who devoted themselves to social reform and social justice, using massified media—magazine,intensively and critically exposed various kinds of injustice and corruption resulting from the social transition. And by way of cultivating public opinion, awaking common people and supporting legislation, they restrained social Darwinism, helped avoid possible social disorders and strengthen the results of productive development and established institutions together with the progressive forces in politics, business and the intelligentsia.

作者：展江摘要：黑幕揭发运动是20世纪初美国从农业社会到工业社会的转型刚刚完成之际发生的一场大规模社会运动，其中一批有志于社会改革和社会正义的作家/新闻工作者即&黑幕揭发者&，利用当时已经大众化的传媒——期刊，以深度的解析和犀利的言论抨击了伴随社会转型而来的种种不公和腐败现象，与政界、商界和知识界的其他进步力量一起，通过激活公众舆论、促使民众觉醒和支持立法等方式，抑制了社会达尔文主义思潮，避免了可能出现的社会失序，进而巩固了生产力发展的成果和既有的社会体制。

By means of the comparative analysis in the light of historical changes between China and the foreign ones, the author considers that their similar aspects are that the supply of the relative institutions both reflects the demand regulating the relative redistributive economic relations intervened by state appropriately, both reflects a kind of legal adjustments for the relative redistributive economic relations; the relative legal institutions are paid more attentions to generally in all countries; the succored objects are all distinguished into common ones and special ones generally; citizens receiving social assistance experience the changes from bounty to right generally; social assistance undergoes the development style from negative one to positive one and the changes from free burdens wholely to burdens of some duties;the functions of nongovernmental strength in social assistance are paid more attentions to generally.Their different aspects are that the patten option of distinguished institutions for the urban and rural areas is different;the special emphasis on the contents of social assistance is some different;the level of legislation for social assistance is different;the purpose and the guiding ideology of the design for the social assistance legal institutions are different.

通过对中外社会救助法律制度历史变迁视角的比较分析，认为二者的相近之处表现为社会救助法律制度的供给都体现出规制国家适度干预相关再分配经济关系的需求，都体现为对相关再分配经济关系的一种法律调整，在各国受到普遍重视，其救助对象都区分为一般对象和特殊对象，民众接受社会救助普遍经历了由恩惠到权利的变迁，社会救助普遍经历了由消极被动到积极主动模式的发展，由完全无偿向一定义务负担的转变，民间力量在社会救助中的作用普遍得到重视；差异之处表现为城乡分制模式选择不同，社会救助内容侧重点有所不同，社会救助的法治化程度不同，社会救助法律制度设计的目的存在区别，社会救助法律制度设计的指导思想不同。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。