社会

I argue policy makers and social scientists should abandon the quest for engineiring-1ike control of social behavior and processes and replace it with efforts to enhance and institutionalize increased capacity to communicatively coordinate social action in the context of complex social systems.

认为政策制订者、社会科学家应当摒弃对社会行为和过程工程化控制的追求，在复杂的社会系统背景下，以努力强化和系统化调节社会行动的能力取而代之。

This paper studies by means of documents research, surveys by questionnaires, comparativeness and statistics, it analyses relative factors which affect cadres、 managers、 professional personnal、 workers stratum diversity of ways of leisure sports among city dwellers and makes a comparison on ways of leisure sports of several social strata. Finally, this paper predicts ways of leisure sports possibly taken by future city dwellers, and summits suggestions on social polices related to leisure sports to make sure that different social stratum has the right to take up leisure sports.

本研究运用文献资料、问卷调查、比较法、数理统计等方法，分析了影响福州市居民休闲体育活动方式的相关因素，并从社会分层的视角，对党政干部、企业经理管理人员、专业技术人员、产业工人四类社会不同阶层的休闲体育活动方式的差异进行了比较与分析；最后，对未来城市居民的休闲体育进行预测，并从保障城市不同社会阶层从事休闲体育权利的角度出发，针对与休闲体育相关的社会政策提出了若干建议。

The theory of "harmonious forest farm" reckons that:①State-owned forest farm is an exoteric complex-system, which is the coupling of forest ecosystem, forestry economic system, and social system in forest farm;②Harmonious forest farm is the farm constructed under the background of socialist market economy and building a moderately prosperous society;③The features of "harmonious forest farm" are the development of production, the prosperity of life and good ecological environment;This farm is a modern state-owned forest farm, the symbols of which are the high value of itself, the good benefits of wokers and the abundance of forest resources;④The key of it is the harmony of farm and society, farm and environment as well as farmitself——that is to say,"harmonious forest farm" should aim to meet the needs of the country and thesociety; forest management should put maintaining and enhancing biodiversity, forest ecosystem health and integrity to the center; inside the forest farm, there should form the mechanism of balancing interests and learning mechanism for sharing at the core of the executive feedback mechanism of forest management, advancing the workers to form a comradely mutual aid relationship.

其要点是：①国有林场是开放的复杂系统，它由森林生态系统、林业经济系统、林场社会系统耦合而成；②和谐林场是在社会主义市场经济和全面建设小康社会背景下建设的林场；③和谐林场是以生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好为特征，以国有林场价值高、林场职工福利好、森林资源丰富为标志的现代国有林场；④和谐林场的关键是要求林场与社会、林场与环境以及林场自身达到和谐，即"和谐林场"必须以满足国家与社会的需求为目的，在森林资源经营上，始终以维持与提高生物多样性、森林生态系统的健康与完整为中心，在林场内部形成以森林经营方案执行反馈机制为核心的利益均衡机制和学习共享机制，促进林场干部职工形成同志式互助关系。

In the perspective of Structural-functionalism, constant differentiation and reorganization of social structure call for a new social integration mechanism with adaptation. This article holds that the social network paradigm is a new analytical framework of social integration. Interface rules are the foundation of agent relations.

在结构功能主义的视野下，社会结构不断分化与重组的趋势要求寻找一种新的社会整合机制与之相适应，社会网络范式是一种针对社会整合问题而提出的新的分析框架，网络关系的界面规则是行动者关系的基础。

Taking the morals root in human's real life, getting rid of the sacred value to the moral terms, is good to develop the student's criticalness thought, to develop the moral rational initiation; to keenly grasp two big historical pulses" of the residential society" and "the market economy", it has the solid social basis, and provides the safeguard of "the harmonious society", and is also helpful in promotion to harmony of human, himself and society With natural.

将道德植根于人的现实生活，摆脱神圣价值对道德的规约，有利于发展学生的批判性思维，是对道德理性的启蒙；敏锐地把握住"市民社会"和"市场经济"两大历史脉搏，具备坚实的社会基础，为"和谐社会"的建立提供了保障，有助于增进人与自我、与他人、与社会及与自然的和谐。

But Tylor also noted that cultural traits may spread from one society to another by simple diffusion--the borrowing by one culture of a trait belonging to another as the result of contact between the two.

不过泰勒也提到，通过简单的传播，一个社会的文化特征可能会扩散到另一个社会，即在接触之后，一个社会借用原本属于另一个社会的东西。

Radically, the emergence of social security system is the outcome of the development of economical society (it's the viewpoint of mainstream, and it seems not to have any demurrer in the academic world), but it doesn't mean that the social security system should or must come into being from the developed economical areas first.

社会保障制度的产生，根本上说是经济社会发展的产物（这是主流观点，而且学界几乎没有任何异议），但这似平不能说社会保障制度应当或必须首先产生于经济社会发达的国家或地区。

RK Mac Master, NCE , XIII; TF O'Dea, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, XIV; HR Niebuhr, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, XIII, and The Social Sources of Denominationalism; WJ Warner, A Dictionary of the Social Sciences; WJ Whalen, NCE , XIII; WT Whitley, HERE , XI; E Troeltsch, The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches; BR Wilson, Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians; J Wilson, Religion in American Society: The Effective Presence; JM Yinger, Religion in the Struggle for Power.

公园的Mac硕士，竞争性考试，十三；因子O'Dea ，国际百科全书社会科学，十四；人力资源尼布尔，百科全书社会科学，十三，社会来源Denominationalism ； WJ通讯公司华纳，词典社会科学； WJ通讯公司惠伦，竞争性考试，十三；野生惠特利，在这里，十一；电子邮件Troeltsch ，社会教基督教；溴威尔逊，教派和社会：社会学研究琳幕，基督教科学和Christadelphians ； J威尔逊，宗教美国社会：有效存在； JM英格尔，宗教的权力斗争。

This paper argues that, as the result of subjective defining, social problem is a process in which interaction takes place among the claims-making to the putative conditions, social discursion as responding too these claims-making and the activities of state/governmen...

由于社会问题自身的实践性质，社会工作的理论与实践所面对的社会问题，要求国家、政府采取集体行动进行回应。从主观角度和"问题群体"的主体角度看待社会问题，能使我们在社会问题的应对过程中，获得更多的实践空间。

The thoughts, theory and understanding from these materials are used to expound the natural and social phenomena of the human body, and get the conclusion that the qualitative analysis is sufficient,while the quantitative concepts are scanty; subjective experiences and clinical disproof theory are plentiful while concrete proof analysis and morphological injury principles are scarce.

自然哲学医学模式是以社会科学、社会现象和社会心理知识素材为主要工具，研究和认识人体健康与疾病状态，注重反映人的本质属性即社会属性，与生物-心理-社会医学模式比较，既有其自身系统性和完整性，更有其临床治疗理论及较强的可操作性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。