礼貌

In recognition of the universality of politeness , we must also recognize that the relative nature of politeness , that is , the standards that people used to determine politeness have diverseness .

要：礼貌是一种语用现象，这在语用学界已经成为人们的一种共识，礼貌通常被人们理解为说话人为了实现某一目的而采取的策略，比如增加或维护交际双方的和睦关系，在承认礼貌的普遍性的同时，还必须认识到礼貌的相对性，也就是说，人们用以判断礼貌的标准具有差异性。

Politeness is a pragmatic phenomenon, which has become a consensus in the academia of phrase using, politeness is usually been interpreted as a strategy to achieve some purpose, such as to increase or maintain the harmonious relations between the two sides. In recognition of the universality of politeness, we must also recognize that the relative nature of politeness, that is, the standards that people used to determine politeness have diverseness.

摘 要：礼貌是一种语用现象，这在语用学界已经成为人们的一种共识，礼貌通常被人们理解为说话人为了实现某一目的而采取的策略，比如增加或维护交际双方的和睦关系，在承认礼貌的普遍性的同时，还必须认识到礼貌的相对性，也就是说，人们用以判断礼貌的标准具有差异性。

In addition, the parents send their children to kindergarten in the way, do not repeatedly told the children to observe discipline,懂礼貌, singing to loud, to paint good paintings.

另外，家长在送宝宝去小宝宝园的路上，不要反复叮嘱宝宝要守纪律、懂礼貌，唱歌时要大声，画画时要画好等。

They hit you from all sides, so I hid at the back of the room behind some sort of potted plant, but Jun found me and I was made to sit STAND sit STAND sit SIT STAND SMILE stand sit STAND smile politely STAND sit SIT stand STAND smile politely STAND sit SIT stand SMILE STAND SIT STAND SMILE STAND sit pat David SIT SIT stand tell David off STAND smile politely STAND sit SIT STAND smile politely STAND sit SIT stand stand SMILE POLITELY STAND SIT.

他们从各个部位拍击你，跟你打招呼，我最后躲到房间最里面盆载植物的后面。但JUN找到了我，于是我就开始坐下坐下起立坐下起立坐下坐下起立微笑起立坐下起立礼貌微笑起立坐下坐下起立起立礼貌微笑起立坐下坐下起立微笑起立坐下起立微笑起立坐下拍拍大卫坐下坐下起立让大卫起立礼貌微笑起立坐下坐下起立礼貌微笑起立坐下坐下起立起立微笑起立坐下。

The research reveals that linguistic politeness in arguments in American courts shares great similarities with that in Chinese courts; negative politeness strategies are most frequently employed by lawyers, followed by positive politeness strategies and off record strategies. It is also found that such linguistic means as hedge, impersonalize S and H, give reasons, give deference, rhetorical questions and include both S and H in the activity are most favored by Chinese and American lawyers.

中美律师在法庭辩论中最常用的是消极礼貌策略，其次是积极礼貌策略和非公开的礼貌策略；律师最常用的实现礼貌的语言形式依次是：模糊限制语、说话人和听话人非个人化、提供原因、表达尊重、设问以及把说话人和听话人都包括在同一项活动中等。

Although disagreement is not incongruent with politeness maxims, it has different specific forms and corresponding strategies in specific contexts, particularly in the pedagogical context, in which disagreement occurs frequently and naturally between interlocutors, but the purpose of disagreement is to present their different academic points of view in an effort to find out the final correct solution to the arguments, and on most occasions interactive meaning overweighs the considerations of the addressee while both of interlocutors will not feel face being threatened.

从这一意义上说，该行为与礼貌原则是不相违背的，但是说话人通过行使这一行为特殊的言语功能是为了实现要表达与会话另一方观点不一致的看法或想法的交际意图，所以其表达不赞同的程度除了礼貌方面的考虑外，还要受到使用它的具体语境的影响，从而影响行使这一言语行为的相应策略。换句话说，考虑不赞成言语行为在实际交际过程中礼貌与否，要看它发生的具体语境，而不能单纯地用礼貌原则来解释，更何况不同文化背景下的礼貌准则各有侧重，各有偏差。

You can move along I believe that we're done With whatever we was tryna do Cause you up and did me wrong Cupid got a big gun with a blindfold shoot She gave another brother access To a little black dress You know the one, short silky and backless Dude named oscar, asked if shes an actress I caught him hustlin Pinned to the mattress And now shes lying to my face Eyes burnin up like her words was mase I dont even hear what she tryin to say Song playin in my head irreplacable To the lies im deaf All i can hear is to the left to the left So i say get out and dont touch that jacket Your stuff i already packed it, im bein polite I dont wanna be rude I dont mean to be mean But i dont gotta deal with this mess Tellin me i need you but you know you need me But if thats how you feel you can just Move alone move along move along move along No argument no fight Move alone move along move along move along Im just tryin to be polite And if i seem a bit chill Its because i dont sweat the small Find another girl please believe i will I aint trippin off you at all A boss from the beginning Been there from a minute So me losin you is still me winning Found out bout you sinnin So you wonder why the hell im grinning And now shes lying to my face Eyes burnin up like her words was mase I dont even hear what she tryin to say Song playin in my head irreplacable To the lies im deaf All i can hear is to the left to the left So i say get out and dont touch that jacket Your stuff i already packed it, im bein polite I dont wanna be rude I dont mean to be mean But i dont gotta deal with this mess Tellin me i need you but you know you need me But if thats how you feel you can just Move alone move along move along move along No argument no fight Move alone move along move along move along Im just tryin to be polite Please dont get me wrong Baby understand Im tryna say get gone Thet nicest way i can Cuz im not what you want See i tried to make this work But our love is in the dirt So lets see who calls who first I dont wanna be rude I dont mean to be mean Tellin me i need you but you know you need me Move alone move along move along move along No argument no fight Move alone move along move along move along Im just tryin to be polite I dont wanna be rude I dont mean to be mean But i dont gotta deal with this mess Tellin me i need you but you know you need me But if thats how you feel you can just Move alone move along move along move along No argument no fight Move alone move along move along move along Im just tryin to be polite

你可以沿着我认为，我们就大功告成了随着无论我们做了tryna 原因你和我没有错丘比特带着一个眼罩大枪射击她给了另一个兄弟访问对于一个小黑裙你知道一个短柔滑和露背多德名为奥斯卡，询问畲族女演员我发现他hustlin 别在床垫现在畲族撒谎，我的脸眼睛burnin有如她的话是万世余dont甚至水手都想听听她说宋在我的脑海演奏，不可替代的即时通讯的谎言聋人我只能听到的是向左向左所以我说出去和dont接触的夹克你的东西我已经挤满与否，IM拜因礼貌俺不用想成为粗鲁余dont指的是指但我不gotta处理这个烂摊子泰兰我我需要你，但你知道你需要我但是，如果多数民众赞成你的感觉你可以移动独自沿沿沿移动move 没有理由不打移动独自沿沿沿移动move 进出口只是水手都想要有礼貌如果我似乎有点冷它的汗水，因为我dont小找到另一个女孩，请相信我会俺不是trippin关闭你所有从一开始老板在那里的一分钟所以，我洛辛你仍然是我获胜发现回合你sinnin 所以，你想知道为什么地狱的即时笑嘻嘻现在畲族撒谎，我的脸眼睛burnin有如她的话是万世余dont甚至水手都想听听她说宋在我的脑海演奏，不可替代的即时通讯的谎言聋人我只能听到的是向左向左所以我说出去和dont接触的夹克你的东西我已经挤满与否，IM拜因礼貌俺不用想成为粗鲁余dont指的是指但我不gotta处理这个烂摊子泰兰我我需要你，但你知道你需要我但是，如果多数民众赞成你的感觉你可以移动独自沿沿沿移动move 没有理由不打移动独自沿沿沿移动move 进出口只是水手都想要有礼貌请不要误会我的意思婴儿理解进出口tryna说得到了泰德最好的方法可以让我 Cuz im没你想要的瞧，我努力使这项工作但是，我们的爱情是在土因此让我们看看谁需要谁第一俺不用想成为粗鲁余dont指的是指泰兰我我需要你，但你知道你需要我移动独自沿沿沿移动move 没有理由不打移动独自沿沿沿移动move 进出口只是水手都想要有礼貌俺不用想成为粗鲁余dont指的是指但我不gotta处理这个烂摊子泰兰我我需要你，但你知道你需要我但是，如果多数民众赞成你的感觉你可以移动独自沿沿沿移动move 没有理由不打移动独自沿沿沿移动move 进出口只是水手都想要有礼貌

It is indeed the product of various countries' culture, so its application is determined by cultural factors. The paper can be divided into three parts, the first part reviews Leech politeness principle and it's advantage and disadvantage, then it discusses its cultural characteristics by using contrastive analysis method to analyze cultural origins and decisiveness of politeness principle. Then it explains cultural decisiveness of the politeness principle by introducing Chinese politeness criteria, Examples on vocatives, terms of humility and honorifics, taboos and euphemism are also given to further illustrate this point. Finally it proposes the conclusion: we should learn more about politeness principle and its cultural characteristics and raise people's consciousness on this issue so as to help people successfully in cross-cultural communication.

全文主要分为三部分，第一部分回顾了Leech的礼貌原则的内容并对礼貌原则的合理之处和不足之处进行了分析；然后采用了对比分析的方法，从礼貌的文化渊源和礼貌的文化决定性来讨论礼貌的文化特性；接着引入顾曰国的汉语礼貌准则，以及从称呼语、恭维自谦语、禁忌委婉语方面举例来说明礼貌原则具有文化决定性；最后提出结论：应对礼貌原则及其文化特性进行研究以此提高人们的跨文化意识，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

B polite act 有礼貌的表现: I recall his many polite nesses over the years .

我还记得他多年来很多有礼貌的事情。

You might tolerate the odd roadhog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the wellmannered motorist is the exception to the rule.

该句字面意思很简单，即&你可能会容忍怪异的、粗鲁无理、不替别人着想的司机，但是有礼貌的司机对于这个规则来说是个例外&，在此&the rule&指的是其前半句&You might tolerate the odd road hog， the rude and inconsiderate driver&乍一看似乎有些悖于常理，&不替别人着想的司机人们能容忍，而讲礼貌的司机，人们却不能容忍&，而实际上，人们不能容忍讲礼貌的司机是由于很少见到这种司机，也就是说讲礼貌的司机太少了，人们对那些粗鲁的司机已习以为常。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。