磷酸化酶

It is postulated that IP induces the release of endogenous protective molecules that interact with cognate receptors to activate PLC through mediation of the chincough virus sensitive proteins. PLC hydrolyzes membrane phospholipid and produces diacylglyccerol,that,by working together with calcium hydronium,translocates PKC from cytoplasm to cell membrane and activates PKC.

推测缺血预处理细胞保护作用机制是：缺血预处理引起内源性保护物质释放，作用于细胞膜上的相应受体，通过百日咳病毒敏感性G蛋白的介导而激活磷脂酶，磷脂酶水解膜磷脂，产生二酰基甘油(diacylglyccerol，DAG)，DAG和Ca2+协同作用于PKC，使其从胞浆转位到细胞膜并且被活化，PKC在膜上使底物蛋白磷酸化，引发一系列相关信号转导通路的激活，调控保护性基因的表达，从而提高细胞对缺血再灌注损伤的耐受性。

Studies also indicated that genistein exsists not only in soybeans but also in many kinds of plants such as vegetables and fruits.As a potential anticancer agent, the actional mechanisms of genistein mainly includes as follows:First, genistein can depress the activity of protein tyrosine kinase and transduction pathways for the phosphorylation of receptors and mitosis signal. So genistein can lead to cells' proliferation depressed. Second, genistein has minimal effects of phytoestrogens. It can be combined with estrogen receptor and improve the synthesis of cellular sex hormone binding glulobin, and improve the activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Through these pathways, it can inhibit the cell activity of breast cancer and prostate cancer.

作为一个很有潜力的抗肿瘤物质，三羟异黄酮的作用机制主要包括：①抑制蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性，可阻抑PTK引起的受体磷酸化和有丝分裂的信号传递，导致癌细胞增殖受抑；②弱雌激素作用：可通过与体内雌激素受体结合，并可增加细胞内性激素结合球蛋白的合成，增加UDP-葡糖醛酸转移酶的活性等途径抑制乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞活性；③拓扑酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ抑制剂，抑制细胞活性；④上调细胞周期性负性调节因子P21WAF1/CIP1的表达，使之负性调节因子作用增强；⑤可阻止胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ、肝细胞生长因子和神经生长因子的作用而抑制肿瘤生长；⑥其他：抗氧化作用、抑制热休克蛋白、诱导细胞凋亡、抑制新生血管生成和抑制多种耐药相关蛋白等。

Objective: To observe the effect of Guizhi Decoction on adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities in hypothalamus of rat models of fever and hypothermia.

目的 ：观察桂枝汤对发热和低体温模型大鼠下丘脑中腺苷酸环化酶和磷酸二酯酶活性的影响。

Activities of chymase and ACE were tested by radioimmunological method. Expressions of phosphoric extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in hearts were measured by western blot. Results: As compared to the control group levels of GSP, myocardial enzymes and myocardial Ang Ⅱ were much lower in those of APS group.

心肌组织的血管紧张素Ⅱ含量；RT-PCR法检测心肌糜酶和血管紧张素转换酶 mRNA表达；放免法检测chymase和ACE的活性；免疫蛋白印迹法检测心肌磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(p-ERK1/2)含量。

GSK-3βis now recognized as not only a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen metabolic process, which phosphorylats hepatic glycogen synthase and makes it devitalize by insuline regulation, but also plays an important role in at least three signal transductory systems, namely, the Wnt/wingless, PI3'-kinase and Hedgehog pathways,which influence cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell motility and apoptosis.

GSK-3β是糖原代谢过程中的重要限速酶，除了可以在胰岛素调控下磷酸化肝糖原合成酶并使之失活外，GSK-3β还在多个重要信号通路中扮演了关键角色，例如Wnt/β-catenin pathway，PI3K/AKT pathway，Hedgehog pathway，在蛋白合成、细胞增殖、细胞分化、细胞运动、细胞凋亡以及肿瘤发生等方面都扮演了重要角色。

With the aid of PDQuest 2-DE software, 11 significant protein dots were found out and then 9 of them are pick out to go through peptide mass fingerprinting based on MALDI TOF MS and NCBI database searching . In all, 5 proteins were identified: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase , Nucleic acid-binding protein , Ribosomal protection tetracycline resistance protein , hypothetical protein FG04726.1 [Gibberella zeae PH-1], nitric oxide synthase .

应用PMF技术对这11个具有显著表达差异蛋白点中的9个进行鉴定，得到了5个质谱阳性鉴定结果，其中2个蛋白分别为玉米种属的1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶和叶绿体的核酸结合蛋白；其它的3个蛋白在玉米蛋白质数据库中未见报道，但与其它物种基因编码的蛋白质具有高度的序列同源性。

The oxidase system includes both membrane-bound and soluble cytosolic proteins. The primary feature of this enzyme is stimulus-dependent activation and which mechanism is the phosphorylation and translocation of a complex of cytosolic factors to the membrane, where they associate with a flavocytochrome enzyme.The fully assembled complex functions as an electron transport system,moving electrons from cytosolic NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide anion（O2-）, which, along with subsequent reactive products called respiratory burst,exerts microbicidal and cytotoxic activities.

此氧化酶体系包括膜结合的和可溶的胞浆蛋白，其主要特征为依赖刺激而活化，机制为复合体的胞浆因子磷酸化并转位至膜，在这里与细胞色素酶相关联，组装完全的复合体在功能上作为一个电子转运体系，从胞浆NADPH转移电子给分子氧形成超氧阴离子（O2-），伴随着接下来的活性物质产生，也叫呼吸爆发，发挥抗菌和抗细胞毒素的活性。

Reverse-transcription PCR assays were used to detect the mRNA expression level of related regulatory genes such as p15, p16, p21, p27, p57, surviving, cyclin B, cdc2 and chk1, and Western blot assay to detect the level of protein expression and phosphated change such as survivin, cdc2 and chk1. Results:(1) K562 cell arrested on G2/M phase were obviously increased after co-cultured with 2 to 10μmol/L Arsenic trioxide for 24 hours. The ratios of control group, 2μmol/L, 5μmol/L and 10μmol/L groups were 22.6±3.4%, 27.2±2.3%, 43.8±4.5% and 36.7±4.1%, respectively.

体外培养K562细胞，以不同浓度AS_2O_3作用不同时间后采用PI染色、流式细胞仪检测药物作用后细胞的周期分布改变；逆转录酶多聚酶链扩增方法检测细胞周期相关调节基因(p15、p16、p21、p27、p57、survivin、cyclinB、cdc2、chk1)的mRNA表达变化；Western blot方法检测细胞周期相关调节蛋白表达及磷酸化改变(survivin、cdc2、cdc2-p、chk1)。

Compared to wild-type plants, the onset of flowering was advanced. The results of this study may be useful in the mulberry gene engineering and the results may be helpful to study the regulation of SBPase.Rubisco activase is a soluble chloroplast protein, coded in nucleus, and has the activation of Rubisco in photosynthetic autotrophs.

本研究为桑树基因工程提供了有效的候选基因，为深入研究SBPase的分子调控机制奠定了基础。1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活化酶广泛存在于光合生物中，它是一种由核基因编码的叶绿体蛋白，具有调节Rubisco活性的功能。

Malolactic fermentation is a very important processing technology for deacidificaton in modern winemaking.

苹果酸乳酸发酵是现代葡萄酒酿造工艺中重要的生物降酸手段。MLF是L 苹果酸在乳酸菌的苹果酸乳酸酶催化下转变成L 乳酸的酶促反应过程，该过程没有底物水平的磷酸化，但在MLF过程中苹果酸确实能够刺激细菌的比生长速率，增加细菌生物量。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。