磨屑

Compared with the graphite, the coefficients of friction of the RL-C/C are lower under the same load of about 0.08-0.12, and the increasing range of the volume losses are still lower than those of the graphite. Compared with the SL pyrocarbon material, the COF and the volume loss of the SL-C/C are about 0.02-0.05 and 0.2 mm^3, lower than those under the same load. The COFs of most RL-C/C and SL-C/C specimens remain stable or decrease slightly with time, while those of the graphite and pyrocarbon specimens increase. The thickness of the integrated friction film of the RL-C/C decreases with load, but the wear surface of the SL-C/C is rough. Tough the wear surface of the graphite is integrated, the serious abrasive wear make the debris move easily and accumulate on the edge of the wear trace to form a restacked morphology. On the wear surface of the pyrocarbon material, some loosed debris, circular worn holes and flake worn out pyrocarbon has been found.

结果表明：PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为；在实验载荷范围内，与高强度石墨材料相比，含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08~0.12；体积磨损量增幅降低；与热解炭试样相比，具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02~0.05，体积磨损量低0.2立方公厘左右；随着时间的延长，大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降，而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升；具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低，具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙；高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜，但磨粒磨损严重，磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积；热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散，有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌。

Compared with the graphite, the coefficients of friction of the RL-C/C are lower under the same load of about 0.080.12, and the increasing range of the volume losses are still lower than those of the graphite. Compared with the SL pyrocarbon material, the COF and the volume loss of the SL-C/C are about 0.020.05 and 0.2 mm3, lower than those under the same load. The COFs of most RL-C/C and SL-C/C specimens remain stable or decrease slightly with time, while those of the graphite and pyrocarbon specimens increase. The thickness of the integrated friction film of the RL-C/C decreases with load, but the wear surface of the SL-C/C is rough. Tough the wear surface of the graphite is integrated, the serious abrasive wear make the debris move easily and accumulate on the edge of the wear trace to form a restacked morphology. On the wear surface of the pyrocarbon material, some loosed debris, circular worn holes and flake worn out pyrocarbon has been found.

结果表明：PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为；在实验载荷范围内，与高强度石墨材料相比，含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08~0.12；体积磨损量增幅降低；与热解炭试样相比，具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02~0.05，体积磨损量低0.2 mm3左右；随着时间的延长，大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降，而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升；具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低，具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙；高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜，但磨粒磨损严重，磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积；热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散，有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌。

The grinding must be replaced after the grinding for repairing or fine oilstone, and wutonghe revearsing or foam board wiped the blade of the residues of fragmentizing at to prevent cutting edge at the time of injury.

2磨削完后，务必用修磨器或粗油石修磨，再用梧桐木不活或泡沫塑料不活擦去刀刃口处残留的磨屑，以防裁切时保养刃口。

The inverse relationship between specific grinding energy and undeformed chip thickness was established.

对超高速磨削条件下比磨削能的影响因素进行了分析，得出了在超高速磨削下，比磨削能与未变形的磨屑厚度的关系。

Long time sliding causes fatigue failure of UHMWPE, a lot of big spalls are produced around the counterpart edge, debris from UHMWPE/PP blend does not show apparent increase with sliding time.

长的磨损时间导致UHMWPE疲劳破坏，产生大量的磨屑，而随磨损时间的延长，UHMWPE/PP表面的磨屑并无明显的增加。

The morphological analysis and chemical characterization of the worn surfaces via scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that under titrimetric water lubrication, the hBN in Si3N4-hBN spalled off during the wearing tests and the spalled pits formed on the wearing surface of Si3N4-hBN, and then the debris dropped into the pits to react with water, thus a tribochemical film formed on the wearing surface. The formation of the tribochemical film facilitated smoothing the surfaces of Si3N4-hBN and Si3N4 to create a fine lubrication environment.

在滴定法水润滑条件下，磨屑不易被水带走，当Si3N4-hBN与Si3N4配副摩擦时，由于Si3N4-hBN摩擦面上hBN偏聚区域发生脆性断裂和剥落而形成剥落坑，磨屑在剥落坑中堆积并氧化、水解，反应产物富集于剥落坑中，进而在摩擦表面形成含B2O3和SiO2的摩擦化学反应膜，从而保护了Si3N4-hBN和Si3N4摩擦面，使其变得光滑，为发生流体润滑提供了条件。

During wear process, not only chemical and mechanical change such as oxidating and breaking etc. take place in debris, but also metallurgical course such as adhesing especially hot press sintering at small areas in debris because of hot extruding.

磨损过程中磨屑不仅存在氧化、碎化等化学、机械过程，还存在因相互挤压、粘结甚至微区热压烧结等冶金过程，两方面的共同作用，使氧化物磨屑成分均匀化。

The wear debris of three semi-metallic friction materials reinforced by low carbon steel fiber, brass fiber and pure copper fiber respectively, and grey cast iron couple woren at different temperatures were studied by XRD and EDAX. Wear properties were analyzed together with the surface images got by scanning electron microscope.

摘 要：采用X射线衍射和X射线能谱分析对分别使用低炭钢纤维、黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的3种半金属摩擦材料与灰铸铁在不同温度下滑动摩擦形成的磨屑进行分析，并结合扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦材料表面形貌，分析材料的磨损特性，并对黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的摩擦材料磨屑成分进行对比分析。

The wear debris of three semi-metallic friction materials reinforced by low carbon steel fiber,brass fiber and pure copper fiber respectively,and grey cast iron couple woren at different temperatures were studied by XRD and EDAX.

采用X射线衍射和X射线能谱分析对分别使用低炭钢纤维、黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的3种半金属摩擦材料与灰铸铁在不同温度下滑动摩擦形成的磨屑进行分析，并结合扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦材料表面形貌，分析材料的磨损特性，并对黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的摩擦材料磨屑成分进行对比分析。

The wear debris of three semi-metallic friction materials reinforced by low carbon steel fiber, brass fiber and pure copper fiber respectively, and grey cast iron couple woren at different temperatures were studied by XRD and EDAX. Wear properties were analyzed together with the surface images got by scanning electron microscope.

采用X射线衍射和X射线能谱分析对分别使用低炭钢纤维、黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的3种半金属摩擦材料与灰铸铁在不同温度下滑动摩擦形成的磨屑进行分析，并结合扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦材料表面形貌，分析材料的磨损特性，并对黄铜纤维和紫铜纤维增强的摩擦材料磨屑成分进行对比分析。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。