碳酸盐岩

Based on field work in fourteen typical ore districts of China, the author made experiments on contact metasomatism of ultrabasic-acid intrusive rocks with carbonate rocks, interaction between volcanic pneumatolyto-hydrothermal solution and volcanic rocks, and metasomatism in the process of sedimentary metamorphism and migmatizatiun.

本文作者在全国14个典型矿区的野外工作基础上，进行了超基性-酸性侵入岩与碳酸盐岩的接触交代实验；火山气热液与火山岩的相互交代实验；区域沉积变质和混合岩化过程中的交代作用实验。

Drilling,seismic,logging and testing data have indicated that,Carboniferous and Permian in the east of Jiyang and Linqing in the Bohaiwan Basin are mainly composed of a set of neritic carbonate platform facies limestone as well as barrier-lagoon,tidal flat,paludal and deltaic facies terrigenous clastic rock and coal bed.

钻井、地震、测井及测试资料综合研究认为：渤海湾盆地济阳—临清东部地区石炭—二叠系主要发育一套浅海碳酸盐岩台地相灰岩、障壁—潟湖、潮坪、沼泽及三角洲相陆源碎屑岩和煤层。

So, researching the influence to reflection wave features made by the factors, such as sand and mud thin-bedding seismic reflection feature, the thickness of single layer in the thin-bedding group, the thickness of subroutine structure, the number of layers in the thin-bedding group, type of incident wavelet, main frequency, sampling rated has the moment current significance and theoretical significance in the qualitative or quantitative seeking of single layer's thickness or thin layer group's thickness in the thin-bedding and forecast of the space distribution laws of thin reservoirs.

目前我国东部的石油勘探工作已进入精细勘探阶段，如何确定陆相地层中薄储层的空间展布规律及其性质已成为一个亟待解决的问题，由于我国东部的绝大多数中、新生代陆相含油盆地大都以薄层砂、泥岩沉积为主，夹有少量薄层碳酸盐岩、页岩及膏盐层，地层岩性和厚度横向变化均较大，而且这些地层的厚度远远低于常规地震勘探的垂向分辨率，因此，从理论上研究沙泥岩薄互层地震反射特征、薄互层组内的单层厚度、子结构厚度、互层组内层数、入射子波类型、主频、采样率等各种因素对反射波特征的影响，将对我们定性或定量求取薄互层组中各单层厚度或薄层组的厚度、预测薄储层的空间展布规律有一定的理论和现实意义。

According to the features of fracture and vug carbonate reservoir in the Tahe oilfield,application effects of horizontal and side wells are analyzed in terms of development practice s such as well design,parameter details and development effect.

针对塔河油田碳酸岩岩溶洞裂缝型油藏特点，从水平井的部署、设计、参数优化、开发效果及利用水平井挖潜等开发实践方面，总结了水平井和侧钻水平井在本油藏的应用情况后得出：利用水平井开发并非塔河碳酸盐岩油藏开发唯一的选择和最佳选择；水平井相对于直井开发的优越性在该油藏并未得到充分体现；因此认为在储层预测、流体识别和缝洞系统定量描述满足不了水平井设计要求时，不易大规模实施水平井开发，尤其是对于复杂特殊性油藏更是如此。

The compactness and association of large lucinid bivalves in massive cold-seep carbonates further indicate pronounced, long-lasting seepage of methane occurred antecedently the development of Takangshan Reef.

至於大岗山地区所见岩理致密并且含有许多大型满月蛤贝类的块状冷泉碳酸盐岩，则显示在大岗山珊瑚礁发育之前泥岩基底曾有持续相当长时间甲烷逸出的冷泉作用。

Of these rocks, carbonaceous slate in the Agulugou Formation and siliceous-carbonaceous slate in Zenglongchang Formation of the Zhaertaishan Group and phyllitic slate in the Bilute Formation of the Bayan Obo Group are the best horizons bearing Pt and.

内蒙古渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群是一套陆源碎屑岩、泥页岩、碳酸盐岩，地层中Pt、Pd的含量与原岩中泥质、有机碳、有机质的含量有关。

According to the geochemical characteristics of Upper Palaeozoic oil and the relationship between the above characteristics and hydrocarbon resource meks of Carboniferous coal series in Konggu-4 well in the Huanghua depression, this paper elaborates the "fingerprints" of sterene and terpane in saturated hydrocarbon fraction from Tertiary oil.

通过对黄骅孔古4井上古生界原油的地球化学特征及其与石炭系煤系烃源岩的亲缘关系研究，特别是与奥陶系原油、灰岩、下第三系原油饱和烃的甾、萜烷精细&指纹&对比研究后，我们认为孔古4井原油应属于上古生界煤系地层自生自储的原生油气藏，而并非下第三系抑或下古生界碳酸盐岩所生。

Lithologies are mostly sand and carbonate rocks, caps are mud rock, shale and magmatite. Entrap types are anticline, fault block rebuilt by breaking and the screened entrap diapered rock mass. The composition is CO_2, N_2, CH_4, C_2H_6 and He etc. It is magma air source body and its geologic fashions are intrusion and buried volcanic conduit. The relations between gas reservoirs and gas source bodies have three types: magma intrusion-breaking-communicated gas reservoir, magma intrusion-contacted CO_2 reservoir and buried volcanic conduit-contacted gas reservoir. The CO_2 migration in magma intrusion is consisted of fusing and crystallizing phases;it in volcanic conduit is consisted of near-surface effusion and crystallizing phases.The buoyancy of CO_2 in water far more than migration resistance in breaking or chink, CO_2 is easy float upward, the floating can results in differentiation of different density gases and concentration of sealed gas. The gas in sand reservoir firstly migrate into the higher porosity and coefficient of permeability sand, and along with the pressure going up it migrate into the lower. In magma intrusion-breaking-reservoir migration, CO_2 firstly migrate into watered breaking, began gravity differentiation and concentrate, the gas pressure time and again go up, CO_2 migrate into reservoir and concentrate under expansibility as the pressure reach upward a given extend. The CO_2 in reservoir experience four breaking modes: chemistry deposition, dissolution, diffusion and mechanic breaking, the pressure balance can be broken by faulting and the CO_2 will further migrate and form new reservoir.

济阳坳陷已发现的八里泊、阳25、平方王、平南、高青、花17 CO_2气藏主要储集层位有奥陶系、中生界、沙四段、沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组和明化镇组，储集层岩性以砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主，盖层以泥质岩、页岩和岩浆岩为主。；圈闭类型主要为受断裂改造的背斜、断块及刺穿岩体遮挡圈闭。；气体成分主要有CO_2、N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6、He等。；主要气源体为岩浆气源体，气源体的主要地质形式为侵入体和埋藏的火山通道。；气藏和气源体的空间关系有岩浆侵入体一断裂一气藏沟通型、岩浆侵入体-CO_2气储集层接触型和埋藏火山通道-气储集层接触型三种类型。；岩浆侵入体CO_2气运移分为熔融运移阶段和结晶运移阶段，火山通道中CO_2气运移分成近地表喷发阶段和结晶运移阶段。；断裂中，CO_2在水中的浮力远大于运移阻力，CO_2气容易上浮，CO_2在断裂中的易浮性导致不同密度气体的分异和走向上封闭的断裂气体相对富集。；气体在砂岩储集层运移聚集具有选择性，会优先进入孔隙度和渗透率较高的砂岩，随着压力增加，才会进入孔隙度和渗透率较低的砂岩；在岩浆气源体-断裂-储集层空间输导格架下，CO_2气在膨胀力的驱动下，首先进入含水的断裂并重力分异而聚集，气体压力会不断增高，当压力增至一定程度，CO_2气会向高孔隙度、渗透率的储集层运移并聚集。；在岩浆气源体-储集层接触空间输导格架下，CO_2气受膨胀力的驱动直接向储集层运移并聚集。；成藏的CO_2气会经历化学沉淀、溶解、扩散和机械破坏四种破坏方式，会受断裂切割而打破压力平衡，沿断裂进一步运移和聚集成藏。

This paper mainly introduces experimental methods and basic principle about gelled acid reaction kinetics.

介绍了胶凝酸反应动力学的试验方法及基本原理，进行了普通酸和胶凝酸与灰岩的反应动力学试验，得到不同条件下的酸岩反应动力学参数及反应动力学方程，对优化碳酸盐岩油藏酸压设计有一定的指导作用。

We discussed diagenetic environment cases in point of chalky texture carbonates and geneses of chalky texture, formed in different diagenetic stages in some parts of the world in the geohistory.

论述了世界各地的地史中不同成岩阶段白垩状结构碳酸盐岩成岩环境的例证和白垩状结构化成因。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新