碳酸盐

ABSTRACT: Shallowing-upward carbonate cycles in the~2650 Ma Cheshire Formation, Belingwe greenstone belt, closely re- semble their Proterozoic and Phanerozoic counterparts.

问题补充：在津巴布韦贝林圭绿石带的26.5亿年的Cheshire组中向上变浅的碳酸盐旋回极相似于元古代和显生代的碳酸盐旋回。

Based upon the relationship between carbonate content and stratal velocity and density, we attempted to apply the artificial neural network to the inversion of carbonate content summarized from the high-resolution seismic data limited by controlled well measurements. The method was applied to the slope area of the northern South China Sea near ODP Sites 1146 and 1148, with satisfactory results.

基于碳酸盐含量与地层速度、密度之间的关系，在井资料约束下，使用人工神经网络方法反演高分辨率地震资料所反映的地层碳酸盐含量，并应用于南海北部陆坡ODP184航次1146和1148孔区，取得较好效果。

The results indicated that the chemical fraction composition characteristics of heavy metals are different. Cu mainly existed in organic/sulphidic fraction and residual fraction; Pb mainly existed in carbonates, Fe-Mn oxides and residual fraction; Cd mainly existed in carbonates and Fe-Mn oxides fraction; Cr mainly existed in residual fraction.

结果表明，不同重金属在消落区沉积物中形态分布各异，Cu主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态形式存在，Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态及残渣态存在，Cd主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在，Cr主要以残渣态存在。

Carbonate cycle, which is controlled by sea surface productivity, dilution of terrigenous sediment and dissolution of deep-sea, is the most prominent feature in South China Sea since Late Pleistocene.

碳酸盐旋回是南海晚更新世以来的最重要沉积特徵之一，它受控於表层海水生产率、陆源物质的稀释作用以及深水对碳酸盐的溶解作用。

Sequential leaching experiments indicate fluorine in carbonate rock, phosphorite and Mo-Ni ore layer occurs principally in dissolvable forms: water-soluble, associated with carbonate or phosphorite, so fluorine in which rocks have high chemical mobility at surface conditions. Fluorine in siliceous rock, black shale and carbonaceous slate mainly occurs in undissolvable forms, which are inert at surface conditions.

氟在碳酸盐岩、磷块岩、钼、镍等多元素富集层及部分硅质岩中主要以水溶态、碳酸盐结合态等易溶形式存在，其在自然条件下的化学活动性强；而氟在碳质板岩、黑色页岩及大部分硅质岩中主要存在于难溶矿物中，其化学活动性较弱。

Geophysical characteristics of Ordovician carbonate rock were studied using drilling data. Impedance is affected mostly by material properties and reservoirs types, to a negligibly extent by lithology and flow. Compact layers and minor\|fracture reservoirs of Ordovician carbonate rock have characteristics of high density, high velocity and high impedance, and the prediction of minor fractures reservoir is difficult by the general seismic ways. Big fractures and fractured\|vuggy and vuggy and cavity reservoirs of Ordovician carbonate rock have characteristics of minor density and low velocity and low impedance in central Tarim basin, which obviously different from the surrounding rock and produce obvious characteristics in seismic data, so reservoirs can be predicted by applying general seismic data.

根据已钻井资料，对塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组岩石地球物理特征进行了研究，结果表明：物性、储层类型对波阻抗影响最大，岩性、流体对波阻抗影响较小；奥陶系碳酸盐岩致密层和小裂缝型储层具有密度大、速度高、波阻抗值大的特点，利用地震常规预测手段较难预测出小裂缝型储层，而塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩大裂缝型、裂缝-孔洞型、孔洞型、洞穴型储层具有密度小、速度低、波阻抗值小的特点，与围岩具有较为明显的差异，在地震上可以产生明显的响应，可利用常规地震资料来预测这种类型储层。

The new acid system can stabilize the ferric ions, furthermore it can prevent the acid sludge forming during acidizing treatment, also can eliminate sulphide scale.

实验表明螯合酸对于高含碳酸盐岩砂岩储层具有很好的酸化效果，对于高含酸敏性矿物而碳酸盐岩含量较低的砂岩储层酸化效果有限，但不会给储层带来二次伤害。

Generally, there are some anhydrites in carbonate reservoir, as H2S is also familiar in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs.

因为H2S也是碳酸盐油和煤气水库的，知交Abstract通常，那里是在碳酸盐水库的一些硬石膏。

Reefs, reef-mounds and lime mud mounds are all carbonate buildups, and the reefs and banks are important targets for petroleum exploration The reefs, banks and mounds should be divided from each other not only in theory, but also in exploration practice, because of so many differences in sedimentary compositions, fabrics, environments, distribution in time and space, and the characteristics of petroleum geology If the original reef or bank itself was fine reservoir rocks, then it would become a better reservoir after the reservoirconstructive diagenesis The formation of a high quality carbonate reservoir is controlled by two factors: the sedimentary microfacies and the reservoirconstructive diagenesis The first is the basis for the formation of a high quality reservoir, and with the high energy reefbank facies as the best; the latter includes the cataclasis, the dolomitization and the karstification The dolomitization and karstification are the best for the formation of a high quality reservoir The karstification has the widest distribution, profoundest effect, and plays a vital role in the high quality reservoir forming The karst types are quite rich in the limestone reef or bank reservoir, including synsedimentary karst, penesedimentary karst, supergene karst and hydrothermal karst, and so does the dolomitization reef or bank reservoir The formation mechanism of synsedimentary karst and penesedimentary karst is related to the short time exposing and leaching of the cyclical highfrequency shallowupward sequence when the reefs or banks are forming The supergene karst is controlled by the exposing and leaching of tertiary cyclic sequence type I interface after the reefs or banks forming Thus, there developed a great deal of secondary corrosion pores, corrosion fractures and huge caves besides some original pores remained in the reef and bank reservoir Scarcely there are any original effective pores in reefmounds and lime mud mounds, especially in senkes among mounds, but secondary pores could be formed by karstification, and there would likely develop source rocks with high organic abundance

礁、礁丘、丘同属碳酸盐建隆，礁、滩是重要勘探目的层。但各自在沉积组分、组构、环境和时空分布，以及油气地质条件上迥然不同，因而无论从理论还是勘探实践上，都有必要将其各成体系划分开来。礁滩自身为好储集岩，当建设性成岩作用叠加后可形成好的储层。碳酸盐岩优质储层形成，主要受沉积微相与建设性成岩作用两大因素控制。前者是基础，并以高能的礁滩相带为最好；后者主要包括破裂、白云石化和溶蚀三大类，并以白云石化或溶蚀为最优，其中的溶蚀分布最广泛、影响最深刻而对优质储层形成起决定性作用。礁滩储层中的古岩溶类型最为丰富多彩，包括同生期、准同生期、表生期和埋藏期热流体岩溶的所有类型，白云岩化礁滩体也不例外。其中，同生准同生期岩溶的形成机制与礁滩沉积时高频层序旋回向上变浅序列的短暂暴露淋溶有关，表生期岩溶则受控于礁滩沉积后三级层序旋回Ⅰ型界面的暴露淋溶。由此，导致礁滩储层中除了可以也是唯一保存原生孔隙外，还发育了次生溶蚀孔洞缝和大型溶洞。礁丘、灰泥丘尤其是丘间洼地中发育高有机质丰度烃源岩；它们自身没有有效的原生孔隙，但岩溶作用可以形成次生孔隙。

The exposed massive cold-seep carbonates provided substrate for the encrustations of corals as well as coralline algae and might have played a crucial role in the initial development of coral reefs in a siliciclastic paleoenvironment of active tectonic setting. This is probable the first case of the world that cold-seep carbonates acting as initial colonization hardgrounds of hermatypic corals and corallines.

在此基底泥岩快速浅化的过程中，出露的块状冷泉碳酸盐岩成为不稳定地体构造背景中，珊瑚与珊瑚藻等表覆生物在矽质碎屑环境生长的硬底质，可能在礁体的最初发育扮演关键性的角色；此种冷泉碳酸盐岩成为造礁珊瑚与珊瑚藻在矽质碎屑古环境中最初生长硬底质的现象，很可能为世界首例。

By the time of its fall, most of the prisoners were writers who had written against the corruptions of the government.

到它被攻陷的时候，里面多数的犯人是写了反对政府贪污文章的作家。

The most obvious variation to ovum morphological character was that the color was changed from light green to sepiaceous in embryonic development, and all the ovums were almost hatched after 96h.

在胚胎发育过程中卵的形态特征最明显的变化是颜色从淡绿到深褐色，卵在发育96h后卵基本全部孵化。