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The formation of SEI is related to the structure and BET surface of the carbonous materials. This causes the main irreversible capacity of carbonous electrode at the first charge and discharge cycle. It will play an active ...

初始的充放电循环中在碳材料的表面会形成SEI膜，其形成与碳材料的结构和比表面积有关，并造成碳电极在首次充放电循环时的不可逆容量；稳定的SEI膜一旦形成，在随后的充放电循环中将对电极的循环稳定性产生积极作用。

We prepared the ordered porous alumina membrane by a two-step anodization method in oxalic or sulfuric acids, which is a self-ordered hexagonal array of cells with an adjustable pore diameter of 20-150nm and a different pore structures (i.e. Y-branched, dendriform, toothed and torous ones). Furthermore, the template-electrodeposition, vapor-catalytic growth, and controlled chemical etching were developed for well-aligned carbon nanotubes and oxide nanopillars with adjustable diameter, Al2O3-AlN one-dimensional heterojunction, Y-junction and dendriform metal nanowires, as well as Y-junction, and torous carbon nanotubes. The resultant one-dimensional junctions were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM,HRTEM, and STM, and the field emission of the well-aligned carbon nanotubes and the luminescence of ZnO nanopillar array have also been mearsured.

完善和发展了阳极腐蚀法制备多孔氧化铝膜的方法，制备出了孔径在20-150nm之间可调和具有不同孔结构（如Y形、树枝状、锯齿状）的系列多孔氧化铝模板，在此基础上，利用电化学沉积、气相催化生长和化学控制腐蚀等方法，成功地生长出具有可调直径的碳纳米管和氧化物纳米柱有序阵列、Al2O3-AlN异质结纳米线、Y形和树枝状的金属纳米线以及Y形、藕节形和锯齿形的碳纳米管等多种一维结纳米材料及其阵列体系，探索了基于模板孔壁内沿生长一维结纳米材料的机制，较系统的研究了碳纳米管阵列的场发射性能和氧化锌纳米柱的发光性能，为低维纳米材料器件化提供了实验基础。

The biggest effect that carbon markets have had on emissions so far, according to Kristian Tangen of Point Carbon, has been on investment in developing countries. The Kyoto protocol, a 1997 agreement on emissions, set up a "clean development mechanism" by which reductions in greenhouse gases in developing countries could generate a carbon credit that can be traded alongside the EUA.

碳点公司的克里斯蒂安·唐更说，迄今为止，碳市场对二氧化碳排放影响最大的就是对发展中国家的投资。1997年签订的关于二氧化碳排放的京都议定书建立了一个&洁净发展机制&，通过它发展中国家减少排放的温室气体所产生的碳额度可以与欧盟配额一起用作交易。

Through a series of quenching, tempering, tensile testing, low-temperature impact test and metallographic analysis, we ultimately came to the following conclusions:(1) low-carbon alloyed steel 20CrMn2NiMoV quenching at 870℃ and tempering at 200℃, whose structure contains tempered dislocation lath martensite and few small bainite under mixed, has the best obdurability;(2) Carbon Steel 45CrMn2NiMoV quenching at 850℃ and tempering at 620℃, whose structure is sorbitic, has a performance less than that of low-carbon Alloyed steel, but it can also meet the basic design requirements.(3) Mn can substitute for the role of Ni within limited extent.

通过一系列淬火、回火、拉伸试验、低温冲击试验以及金相分析，最终得出以下主要结论：（1）低碳合金钢20CrMn2NiMoV经870℃淬火+200℃回火，得到回火位错型板条马氏体+少量细小下贝氏体的混合组织，具有最佳的强韧性配合；（2）中碳合金钢45CrMn2NiMoV经850℃淬火+620℃回火，得到回火索氏体组织，综合性能虽然不及低碳合金钢，但也能基本满足设计要求；（3）Mn在一定程度上能够替代Ni的作用，适量的Mn和Ni相互配合可以得到最佳的低温韧性，因此&以Mn代Ni&是低温钢材料研究开发中一条可行的适合我国资源状况的合金化思路。

While at Phase IV, with specific growth rate increasing, the carbon flux of PP decreased gradually, and the carbon flux of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, which providing enough precursors and energy to synthesize human-like collagen, decreased slightly with specific productivity of human-like collagen increasing.

在第Ⅲ阶段，随着比生长速率的增大，进入磷酸戊糖途径的碳流量先增大后减小，当比生长速率为0.15h~(-1)时达最大值，其次是0.20h~(-1)的，以合成足够的前体和NADPH满足细胞生长所需；在诱导后，随着比生长速率的增大，进入磷酸戊糖途径的碳流量逐渐减小，而进入三羧酸循环的碳流量随着类人胶原蛋白比产率的增大而稍有减小，以提供足够的前体和能量合成目标蛋白。

The results showed that elevated CO2 increased the R/S ratio and the dry mass of both coarse and fine roots, indicating that the seedlings under elevated CO2 allocated more biomass to their belowground part. Compared with control, elevated CO2 increased the contents of reducing sugar, sucrose, and total soluble sugar in coarse roots significantly, but had less effect on those in fine roots. Elevated CO2 increased the contents of starch and total non-structural carbohydrate both in coarse roots and in fine roots. Under elevated CO2, the carbon content in coarse and fine roots had an unsignificant increasing trend, while the nitrogen content decreased significantly, which resulted in an increase of C/N ratio.

结果表明：CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗粗根和细根的干质量增加，同时根／冠值显著升高，表明CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗生物量向根系的分配增加；与对照相比，粗根的还原糖、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著增加，而在细根中没有显著变化；粗根、细根的淀粉和总的非结构性碳水化合物含量显著增加；CO2浓度升高下粗根和细根的碳含量有升高的趋势但未达到显著水平，同时氮含量降低，碳／氮值升高；氮的吸收量在粗根和细根中均无显著变化。

The results showed that elevated CO2 increased the R/S ratio and the dry mass of both coarse and fine roots, indicating that the seedlings under elevated CO2 allocated more biomass to their below- ground part. Compared with control, elevated CO2 increased the contents of reducing sugar, sucrose, and total soluble sugar in coarse roots significantly, but had less effect on those in fine roots. Elevated CO2 increased the contents of starch and total non-structural carbohydrate both in coarse roots and in fine roots. Under elevated CO2, the carbon content in coarse and fine roots had an unsignificant increasing trend, while the nitrogen content decreased signifi- cantly, which resulted in an increase of C/N ratio.

结果表明：CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗粗根和细根的干质量增加，同时根／冠值显著升高，表明CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗生物量向根系的分配增加；与对照相比，粗根的还原糖、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著增加，而在细根中没有显著变化；粗根、细根的淀粉和总的非结构性碳水化合物含量显著增加；CO2浓度升高下粗根和细根的碳含量有升高的趋势但未达到显著水平，同时氮含量降低，碳／氮值升高；氮的吸收量在粗根和细根中均无显著变化。

MgO-C brick has a good erosion resistance but Al〓O〓-C brick is better. Corrosion mechanism for refractory without carbon is that FeO and oxides of molten slag take place chemical reaction with constituents of refractory and forming low fusing point compounds to be dissolved in molten slag. For those refractory containing graphite carbon is to be decarburized in advance and to form decarburizing layer and metamorphosis layer. The subsequent corrosion is decarburizing and taking chemical reaction to form low fusing point compounds and dissolved in molten slag at the same time.

铁浴中硅和钛的扩散是影响铁浴及熔渣与耐火材料作用的重要因素，耐火材料中添加的TiO〓和SiC受熔渣氧化和侵蚀，将被部分还原形成Si，Ti向铁浴中扩散，Si、Ti在铁浴中的扩散研究结果是： D〓=1.84×10〓exp（－5988.7/T） cm〓/S E〓=49766 J/mol D〓=7.76×10〓exp（－53225.5/T） cm〓/S E〓=442304 J/mol 铁浴式熔融还原熔体对粘土砖，高铝砖，镁砖的侵蚀速度很高，镁碳砖抗侵蚀能力比前几种耐火材料强，但不如铝碳砖；对不含碳耐火材料在熔体中的侵蚀是熔渣中FeO及其它氧化物与耐火材料组分的化学反应形成低熔点物熔蚀进入渣相，产生损毁。

In this paper, the method of growing carbon nanotubes bycatalytic decomposition of 〓 in low temperature on apowder Ni-Mg-O catalyst system is used. By controlling thereaction conditions and catalyst precursor, we preparedifferent configuration of carbon nanotubes and discuss themechanism of carbon nanotubes growth, we firstly researchthe character of lithium ion intercalating carbon nantubes,and reach some important conclusions.

本文主要采用了甲烷在镍基催化剂上的低温裂解，控制不同的条件和催化剂前驱体，制备出各种不同形态参数的碳纳米管，讨论了碳纳米管的生长机理；并且首次研究了各种不同形态参数的碳纳米管的嵌锂性能，取得了一些有意义的结论：一。

The experimental results denoted that the finer pearlite along the austenite boundaries in the as-cast Cr30Ni20NRE steel disappeared first under long-term and high-temperature service condition, and that an umber of Cr- richened carbides were formed due to unila-teral carburizing at long-term and high- temperature, consequently causing Ni to concentrate, bulging and calalyzing decomposition of the carburizing gas.

试验结果表明，长期在高温条件下服役，铸态Cr30Ni20NRE耐热钢中沿奥氏体晶界的珠光首先融入奥氏体，长期高温单边渗碳形成大量富铬碳化物，促使镍富集并起泡形成瘤状物，催化含碳气体的分解；表层瘤状物使辐射管表层疏松，表面积扩张，加快了碳向基体的渗入，提供了碳化物持续长大的条件，并引起沿碳化物周边开裂和奥氏体基体严重萎缩；合金元素的重新分布造成主合金元素铬和镍产生两极分化，镍和硅的富集促使石墨化，与侵入的氧形成内部氧化空洞和膨胀疏松，最终导致构件穿孔失效。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。