碳水化合物

Suitable water-immiscible organic solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons, eg toluene, xylene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene and methyl naphthalene; chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, eg chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, chloronaphthalene and bromonaphthalene; esters, eg butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl benzoate, butyl benzoate, phenylethyl acetate, butyl lactate, benzyl lactate, diethyleneglycol dipropionate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; alcohols having six or more carbon atoms, eg hexanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, phenoxy ethanol, phenoxy propanol and phenoxy butanol; ethers having at least 5 carbon atoms, preferably C 5-14 ethers, eg anisole and phenetol; nitrocellulose, cellulose ether, cellulose acetate; low odour petroleum distillates; turpentine; white spirits; naphtha; isopropylbiphenyl; terpene; vegetable oil; mineral oil; essential oil; and natural oil; and mixtures of any two or more thereof.

适用于水互溶的有机溶剂包括芳香族碳氢化合物，如甲苯，二甲苯，萘，四氢萘和甲基萘；氯代芳香族碳氢化合物，如氯苯，氟，氯萘和萘；酯类，如醋酸丁酯，醋酸乙酯，苯甲酸甲酯，苯甲酸乙酯，苄酯，苯甲酸正丁酯，苯，醋酸丁酯乳酸，乳酸苄，二甘醇二丙酸酯，邻苯二甲酸二甲酯，邻苯二甲酸二乙酯，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，二（2乙基己基）酯；醇有6个或更多碳原子，如己醇，辛醇，苯甲醇，苯乙醇，苯氧基乙醇，丙醇和苯氧基苯氧丁醇；醚至少有5个碳原子，最好荤5-14醚，如苯甲醚和phenetol；硝化棉，纤维素醚，醋酸纤维素，低气味石油蒸馏；松节油；白酒，石脑油isopropylbiphenyl；萜类，植物油，矿物油，挥发油；和天然油，以及任何两个或两个以上其混合物。

It provides a route tothe compounds which contains three functional groups, two carbon-nitrogentriple bonds and one carbon-carbon double bond. In water, metallic indiumpromotes carbon-sulfur bond coupling reaction of aromatic sulfonyl chloride withsuitable organic halides to afford sulfones. In the last chapter, metallic tin mediated allylation of aldimines with allylbromide was revealed.

第三章，我们研究了在水相介质中金属铟促进的烯丙基溴对1，1-二氰基-2-芳基乙烯的Michael加成反应，生成一个含碳碳双键和二个碳氮叁键的三官能团化合物，另外，金属铟在水介质中还可以促进芳基磺酰氯与卤代烃发生碳硫键的偶联，生成砜。

Using the basic principle of the color fading of Mn(Na2HP2O7)3, due to oxidizing by oxidizable organic matter at concentrated H2SO4 the effects of different concentrations of organic carbon compounds, colorimetric conditions (temperature, color developing time and colorimetric wave length) and some intervening ions on the colorimetric determination of dissolved organic carbon were systematically studied.

利用紫红色络合物Mn(Na2HP2O7)3在浓H2SO4存在时可氧化有机质使络合物颜色变浅的基本原理，系统研究了不同种类、不同浓度的有机碳化合物、比色测定的条件(温度、显色时间和比色波长)与一些干扰离子对水溶性有机碳比色测定的影响。

CH3OH could attack the phosphor atom in 1,3,2-dioxaphopholane of compiound (1) to give O-methyl O-hydroxyethyl-O-phthalimidoethyl thiophosphate in 85% yield; in the presence of potassium hydroxide aryl selenol could attack the carbon atom in 1,3,2-diox-aphopholane of the cyclic phospholipid conjugate of N^1-(2-furanidyl)-N^3--5-fluorouracil to give the corresponding product of ring-opening in high yields.

在室温下，以异丙醇作溶剂，苯硒酚与化合物2不反应。在氢氧化钾存在下，以异丙醇／水作溶剂（体积比20：1，在室温下，硒酚可以有效地进攻中化合物2中1，3，2-二氧磷杂环戊烷中的碳原子生成相应的开环产物。按照这一反应条件，顺利实现了硒酚对N^1-（2-呋喃基）-N^3-羟烷基-5-氟脲嘧啶硫代环甘油磷脂缀合物的亲核开环，生成甘油骨架的端碳原子上带有芳硒基新颖的磷脂核苷缀合物。

Analytical results showed that the upper clear liquid of pyrolysis oils was mainly consisted of water-soluble substances,such as phenol,cresol,xylenol,sugars,hydantoins,morpholines,pyranones and pyridine derivatives compounds,etc.,while the lower sediment was mainly insoluble or hardly water-soluble substances,such as the big substituent phenolics(the number of substituent carbon atoms of which is greater than or equal to 2),aryl phosphate esters,fatty acid esters and nitrile compounds,and so on.

研究表明，热解油上层清液主要是一些较易溶于水的物质，如苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚、糖类、乙内酰脲类、吗啉类、吡喃酮类和吡啶类化合物等；而下层沉淀则主要为不溶或难溶于水的物质，如大取代基酚类（取代基碳原子数≥2）、磷酸三芳基酯类、脂肪酸酯类和腈类化合物等。

Several anti-tumor cell lines and carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ model were established. More than 10000 compounds and extracts from plants were screened using these models and about 10 compounds showed strong inhibitory activities. Two species of plants Inula helianthus-aquatica and Saussurea deltoidea were chosen to investigate chemical and bioactivity constituents based on the results of screening of extracts and fractions. 58 compounds were isolated and identified from these two plants, 6 compounds were found to be new and 14 compounds showed anti-tumor activities. We also studied the anti-tumor mechanism of the compound bigelovin isolated from Inula helianthus-aquatica. Bigelovin was found with apoptotic activity against cell line U266 by lowering the amount of important transcription factor E2F-1 which inhibits the cell cycle at G0/G1 stage. Docking study on 7 natural new phenolic inhibitors of CA Ⅱ and 3D-QSAR study on 61 sulfonamide inhibitors of CA Ⅱwere also investigated. The calculated results were in good correlation with experimental results.

基于以上两种重要疾病和研究组方向，本论文工作开展了多个肿瘤细胞株和碳酸酐酶Ⅱ靶标模型的建立和筛选工作，累计筛选1万多个/次样品，发现10余个活性较强化合物；从粗提取物筛选结果中选取两种抗肿瘤活性强的菊科植物水朝阳旋覆花(Inula helianthus-aquatica)和三角叶凤毛菊进行了系统化学和活性成分研究，分离鉴定了58个化合物，发现6个新化合物和14个抗肿瘤活性化合物；通过合作对水朝阳旋覆花中活性较强的bigelovin进行了抗肿瘤作用机制研究，发现它可能是通过降低G2期重要的转录因子E2F-1，致使细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期，引起多发性骨髓瘤U266细胞凋亡；开展了7个新的天然酚类CAⅡ抑制剂的对接研究和61个合成的系列磺酰胺类CAⅡ抑制剂的3D-QSAR分析，结果表明计算与实验一致。

The logarithm difference values of partition coefficients of the compounds in butyl ether/water and in cyclohexane/water system were used for the measurement of the Lewis acidity, while the logarithm difference values of partition coefficients in trichloromethane/water and in tetrachloromethane/water system were used for the measurement of the Lewis basicity, and they were used successfully to differentiate the relative strength of Lewis acidity and basicity for 59 benzene and its derivates.

以化合物在正丁醚/水和环己烷/水溶剂体系中分配系数的对数差作为酸性指数，以其在氯仿/水和四氯化碳/水溶剂体系分配系数的对数差作为碱性指数，提出了一种新的度量有机物Lewis酸碱性的方法，按此方法成功地区分了59种苯系物Lewis酸碱性的相对强弱；并成功地将上述酸碱性指数引入定量结构—性质/活性相关研究之中，探讨了苯系物的正辛醇/水分配系数、水溶解度和土壤有机碳吸附系数等常见理化性质与其Lewis酸碱性间的相关性并建立了相应的定量模型，发现它们之间存在良好的相关性。

Melting point 3410 ℃, boiling point 560 ℃, relative density of 1935, F the external electronic structure of 5d46s2, in the chemical reaction time is very easy to lose 1-6 electronic, but also can get 1-2 electronic, so oxidation number of 0,± 1,± 2, 3, 4 , 5 and 6, with 6 price of the most stable compounds, such as WO3 does not dissolve in water, the air will form in the tungsten trioxide thin protective layer of tungsten, tungsten with fluorine at room temperature, chemical combination, red hot when there is no moisture and Bromine iodide together, red hot when you can and water reaction WO3, at room temperature reaction of tungsten with aqua regia, but the hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid can only be played with its weak response, but molten nitrate, nitrite, too Hydrogen peroxide, sulfur steam, steam and other phosphorus can play intense reaction, high temperature can not be carbon, boron and silicon reaction of binary compounds, widely used in industrial tungsten steel and tungsten carbide, pure tungsten filament is used to the system, and X-ray tube Tube heating components, semiconductor components can be prepared tungsten silicide, tungsten industrial production is white or black tungsten ore tungsten ore refining.

熔点3410℃，沸点560℃，相对密度1935，F外围电子结构为5d46s2，在化学反应时很容易丢掉1—6个电子，也能得到1—2个电子，所以氧化数为0、±1、±2、＋3、＋4、＋5和＋6，以＋6价化合物最稳定，如WO3不溶于水，空气中的钨会形成薄层三氧化钨保护层，钨能与氟在室温下化合，红热并无潮气时能与溴、碘化合，红热时还能和水反应生成WO3，室温下钨可与王水反应，但热的浓盐酸和硫酸只能与其起微弱反应，但对熔融的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、过氧化氢、硫蒸汽、磷蒸汽等能起激烈反应，高温下不能与碳、硼和硅反应生成二元化合物，工业上广泛使用钨钢和碳化钨，纯钨用来制灯丝、电子管和X射线管的发热元件，硅化钨可制半导体元件，钨工业生产是将白钨矿石或黑钨矿石精炼。

The BMW Z Cryo is one concept car that has enough punch to roar across the autobahns at insane speeds and at the same time not emit a gram of carbon dioxide or any other gas except water from it's tailpipes.

宝马Z Cryo是一款概念车，它速度极快可以在高速路上风驰电掣般的驰骋，与此同时它还具有很好的环保性能，除了水之外它不会产生一丁点儿碳氧化合物或者是其他任何气体。

We further investigated the molecular mechanism of unusual superhydrophobicity of fluorocarbons.

和碳氢化合物相比，碳氟化合物的极性更强，和水的静电相互作用也更强，这使得碳氟化合物的超疏水性更加不同寻常。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。