碳化作用

The method will involve a sequence of ammonification of glass surface, functionalization of carbon nanotube surface, and bonding between the nanotubes.

将奈米碳管与其它材料以一定的比例复合而制备，进而形成一种具有奈米碳管之复合吸附材料所组成之固相萃取柱介质，其合成步骤包括：奈米碳管表面改质官能化，玻璃粒体之载体氨化及最后将两者经缩合剂作用而产生化学键结使奈米碳管批覆在玻璃粒体之载体上。

Meanwhile, the volcaniclastic rocks were modificated by the thermal fluid activity, for example, sericitization of plagioclase, chloritization of volcanic detritus in andesitic detris tuff; in the tufaceous mud, the thermal fluid activity accelerates "maturating" of the organic carbon by heating; and the trace elements show an anomaly in the wall rocks.

同时，受热流体活动的影响，热流体对火山碎屑岩具有一定改造作用，如在安山质岩屑凝灰岩中，斜长石绢云母化、火山岩岩屑绿泥石化明显；在凝灰质泥岩中，热流体对围岩中有机碳具有明显的"催熟"加热作用，微量元素则出现异常现象。

The results show that the formation of dry gas is abided by reaction mechanism involving the cleavage of pentacoordinated Carbonium ion which is formed by the protonation of alkanes over acidic catalyst.

结果表明，烷烃分子首先在催化剂酸性中心作用下发生质子化反应，烷烃分子链上易受到氢质子进攻的位置一般在其叔碳原子或碳链中心碳原子附近的C—H键或C—C键处，形成两种反应过渡态物种——五配位正碳离子H-Carbonium和C-Carbonium。

Considering the shielding effects of carbonous layer forming on the burning surface on the transmission of external irradiation, the burning characteristics of 1040, 1041, N -5 and N propellants were analyzed.

考虑到辐射在燃烧表面上形成的碳化层对辐射传递的阻碍作用，本文分析了1040，1041，N-5和N型推进剂的燃烧特性。

According to the distribution of the positive charges inthe surface of the cage, it can be expected that two -OH groups finally adding at two sites which arewithin one hexacyclic ring and in different sides of equator, which is accord with the conclusion resultedfrom thermodynamics

通过寻找并分析过度态的结构，发现酸化阳离子中处于赤道带6-6类碳原子上的羟基和两极区域5-5类碳原子上的羟基都有朝邻近赤道带碳原子上迁移的可能，结合碳笼上正电荷的分布特征，预计亲核水解作用将发生在赤道异侧六员环的对位，说明考虑动力学因素，最终获得1，4-加成富勒醇的可能性最大，该结论与热力学的结果一致。

Tetrachloroterephthalic acid was prepared by chlorinating terephthalic acid, oleumsolvent and iodine catalyst. Tetrachloroterephthalic acid was acylated by sulphurous oxychloride in the presence of DMF to form tetrachloroterephthaloyl chloride. The acyl chloride product was fluorinated by potassium fluoride and esterified by methanol to synthesize dimethyl tetrafluoroterephthalate. The ester was reduced with potassium borohydride and lithium chloride to give tetrafluoroterephthalyl alcohol. The above product was bromated in the hydrobromic acid to obtain 4-bromomethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzene methanol. 4-Methyl-2,3,5,-6-tetrafluorobenzene ethanol was obtained by reducing the bromide with magnesium. In the exist of DCC and DMAP, tefluthrin was got by the condensation reaction between 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzene methanol and-(1RS,3RS)- 3-(2- chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cycolpropanecar-boxylate acid.

对苯二甲酸与氯气在碘存在下以发烟硫酸为溶剂进行氯化制备四氯对苯二甲酸；再以DMF为催化剂与二氯亚砜反应生成四氯对苯二甲酰氯；以氟化钾为氟化剂，环丁砜为溶剂置换氟化，再与甲醇酯化得到四氟对苯二甲酸甲酯；以KBH4-LiCl为还原剂二甲醚为溶剂反应制得四氟对苯二甲基苄醇；以氯苯为溶剂在溴化氢溶液中溴化得到溴化产物；在乙醇溶液中经镁粉还原得到4-甲基-2，3，5，6-四氟苄醇；甲基苄醇与功夫酸在催化剂二环己基碳二亚胺和4-二甲氨基吡啶作用下缩合得到七氟菊酯，总收率达43.6%。

Through a series of quenching, tempering, tensile testing, low-temperature impact test and metallographic analysis, we ultimately came to the following conclusions:(1) low-carbon alloyed steel 20CrMn2NiMoV quenching at 870℃ and tempering at 200℃, whose structure contains tempered dislocation lath martensite and few small bainite under mixed, has the best obdurability;(2) Carbon Steel 45CrMn2NiMoV quenching at 850℃ and tempering at 620℃, whose structure is sorbitic, has a performance less than that of low-carbon Alloyed steel, but it can also meet the basic design requirements.(3) Mn can substitute for the role of Ni within limited extent.

通过一系列淬火、回火、拉伸试验、低温冲击试验以及金相分析，最终得出以下主要结论：（1）低碳合金钢20CrMn2NiMoV经870℃淬火+200℃回火，得到回火位错型板条马氏体+少量细小下贝氏体的混合组织，具有最佳的强韧性配合；（2）中碳合金钢45CrMn2NiMoV经850℃淬火+620℃回火，得到回火索氏体组织，综合性能虽然不及低碳合金钢，但也能基本满足设计要求；（3）Mn在一定程度上能够替代Ni的作用，适量的Mn和Ni相互配合可以得到最佳的低温韧性，因此&以Mn代Ni&是低温钢材料研究开发中一条可行的适合我国资源状况的合金化思路。

The present dissertation deals with:(1) Exploring the feasibility of the CO〓 methanation and the conversion CH〓/H〓 into C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma with catalyst at ambient temperature and atmosphere.(2) Designing a reactor and preparing some catalysts suited for the conversion of carbon dioxide via the cooperation effect of plasma and catalysts.(3) Optimizing reaction conditions of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons in the proposed process.(4) Studying the reaction mechanism of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma by using in situ OES technology.(5) By the results of characterizing coked catalysts, exploring the reasons that result in the coking of catalyst and the paths for decreasing the deposit in the catalyst under plasma.(6) Analyzing the energy efficiency of the plasma catalysis and exploring the paths for improving the energy efficiency.

论文的主要研究工作包括：（1）探索脉冲电晕等离子体与催化剂共同作用CO〓／H〓甲烷化和由CH〓/H〓合成C〓烃反应的可行性；（2）研制等离子体催化CO〓转化的反应器和适配的催化剂；（3）优化等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的工艺条件和电参数；（4）利用原子发射光谱原位技术对等离子体反应的诊断结果，对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的机理进行推断；（5）通过对积碳催化剂的表征结果，分析积碳的类型及其成因，并探讨减少积碳的途径；（6）通过对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应能量效率的分析，探讨提高等离子体催化反应能量效率的途径。

Two series of polyurethane acrylate grafted acrylic resins (Acr-g-TPU-PETA and Acr-gPPU-PETA) self-emulsifying systems are obtained by grafting -NCO group modified polyurethane acrylates with acrylic copolymer prepared from n-butyl acrylate, styrene,βhydroxyethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid The self-emulsifying systems showed Newtonian fluidity with viscosity closed to that of water, the solid contents were around 30% The T〓 of 15～4℃ for dried film before photocuring favored film formation at room temperature DSC and DMA results showed that PU-PETA is compatible with acrylic resin in the grafted resin The TG and dTG curves for Acr-g-PU-PETA samples were substantially different from the corresponding blends, and the brodened dTG peaks for photocured grafted resin suggest that there might be multiple interactions among chain segments The photocued film of the grafted resins self-emulsifying system exhibited good overall properties with polyurethane acrylate grafts ranging from 30% to 50%, and Acr-g-TPU-PETA series showed better properties than Acr-gPPU-PETA series The adhesion of the photocured film was 1～2 grade, impact strength was 50kg-cm and flexibility was 1mm The Shore hardness and the adhesion of the film decreased markedly if PETA was replaced by HEMA as photoactive group due to the lower C=C double bond content in the grafted resin The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthones photoinitiators can be evenly dispersed in self-emulsifying system without color spot appearing in the dried film The films photocured with IV〓～IV〓 generally exhibited higher Shore hardness, gloss and solventresistance than that cured with Irgacure 2959 and did not induce the rusting of the iron substrate Pigmenting with titanium oxide had no effect on the photocuring The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthone IV〓 and IV〓 can be new candidates for the formulation of titanium oxide pigmented photocurable water-borne coatings for their pale-yellow appearance and slight interference with the color of the coatings WB 4759 with high water-solubility coalesced and separated from the dried resin film, and even induced the rusting of iron substrate.

以丙烯酸丁酯，甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯，丙烯酸及苯乙烯合成厂丙烯酸共聚树脂，并与含-NCO端基的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯接枝反应，经水性化后，得到两个系列（Acr-g-TPU-PETA和Acr-g-PPU-PETA）各5个不同配比的丙烯酸树脂接枝聚氨酯丙烯酸酯自乳化体系，粘度与水相近，为牛顿流体，固含量30％左右。光固化前干燥涂膜的玻璃化转变温度在-15℃～4℃之间，有利于室温下成膜。DSC及DMA谱表明两种树脂基本相容。Acr-g-PU-PETA的热失重行为明显不同于共混材料，接枝样dTG峰明显宽化，表明接枝样中链段之间的相互作刚有多重性，丙烯酸树脂与聚氨酯之间有一定的相容性。接枝树脂自乳化体系光固化涂层的综合性能以聚氨酯丙烯酸酯成分为50％～30％者相对较好，且以Acr-g-TPU-PETA系列更理想。光固化膜的附着力为1～2级，冲击强度为50kg·cm，柔软性多为1mm。以HEMA代替PETA作为接枝树脂的活性基团，碳—碳双键密度太低，光固化膜交联点太少，硬度和附着力均较差。多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂能均匀分散于树脂自乳化体系和接枝树脂干膜中，不出现色斑，光固化膜肖氏硬度一般高于以Irgacure 2959为光引发剂的光固化膜，光泽度及耐丁酮溶剂性能均有所提高，不会诱导铁基生锈，钛白着色对光固化结果几乎没有影响。本论文所合成的多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂IV〓与IV〓为浅黄色，对光固化涂层的颜色干扰较小，为配制钛白着色光固化水性涂料提供了新的光引发剂。水溶性太强的WB 4759在干膜中易聚结析出，且对所附着的铁基有诱导锈蚀作用。

Self cleaning , durable , high speed dynamic separation device smoothers grinding media movement to provide better separation result .

动态间隙式的分离装置，使用超高硬度的碳化钨合金，耐磨性特佳，高速转动的动片使珠子不易滞留，并具有自动清洗作用，确保分离效果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。