碳

OrthoSubstituted phenols gave the para-para-coupling products and para-substituted phenols gave the ortho-ortho-coupling ones, while hindered phenol gave the corresponding oxidative coupling product.

该氧化偶联反应的反应条件温和、产物易于分离、收率高，可作为有机合成中某些碳-碳键形成的新方法加以应用。

Avoidance of osmotically active, poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates in the formula (often used as the major carbohydrate source) is a new tactic to minimize diarrhea.

避免渗透压失衡，改善配方中的短链碳水化合物（通常是碳水化合物的主要来源）吸收是减少腹泻发生的一种新策略。

Both overlong or overshort bottom duration and overlong or overshort fluctuation period are unfavorable for reduction of non-diamond content. Only moderate ones have optimal effects on it.3 Compared with a smooth microwave, a fluctuating one can reduce the diamond nucleation density slightly.4 In fluctuating microwave, even if a higher CH〓 concentration chosen, diamond films with quality better than that of those deposited at a lower CH〓 concentration and in smooth microwave can be obtained.In smooth microwave, the influence of O〓 upon the diamond films＇MWPCVD was investigated. It is found that:1 In the range of lower O〓 concentration, its increase is beneficial to improvement of quality of diamond films, but in that of higher one, its increase conversely deteriorates the quality of diamond films.

在脉动微波下进行了沉积金刚石膜的研究，得到下述结果：1）采用合适的脉动微波，能使金刚石膜的沉积质量显著提高，并能使金刚石膜中的微晶石墨得到几乎完全的抑制。2）过长或过短的平底时间或脉动周期均不利于金刚石膜中非金刚石相碳含量的降低，只有适中的平底时间或脉动周期才有最佳的降低非金刚石相碳含量的效果。3）脉动微波会使金刚石的形核密度有所下降。4）脉动微波下，即使选用较高的CH〓浓度，也能得到沉积质量比在平稳微波下采用较低的CH〓浓度所制备的金刚石膜的沉积质量要明显提高的金刚石膜。

In fluctuating microwave, deposition of diamond films was investigated and some significant results were obtained:1 An appropriate fluctuating microwave can distinctly improve the quality of diamond films, and can grow diamond films almost without microcrystalline graphite.2 Both overlong or overshort bottom duration and overlong or overshort fluctuation period are unfavorable for reduction of non-diamond content. Only moderate ones have optimal effects on it.3 Compared with a smooth microwave, a fluctuating one can reduce the diamond nucleation density slightly.4 In fluctuating microwave, even if a higher CH〓 concentration chosen, diamond films with quality better than that of those deposited at a lower CH〓 concentration and in smooth microwave can be obtained.

在脉动微波下进行了沉积金刚石膜的研究，得到下述结果：1）采用合适的脉动微波，能使金刚石膜的沉积质量显著提高，并能使金刚石膜中的微晶石墨得到几乎完全的抑制。2）过长或过短的平底时间或脉动周期均不利于金刚石膜中非金刚石相碳含量的降低，只有适中的平底时间或脉动周期才有最佳的降低非金刚石相碳含量的效果。3）脉动微波会使金刚石的形核密度有所下降。4）脉动微波下，即使选用较高的CH〓浓度，也能得到沉积质量比在平稳微波下采用较低的CH〓浓度所制备的金刚石膜的沉积质量要明显提高的金刚石膜。

In a DMF solution of CuCl〓-ethanolamine-acetic acid (1: 2: 2), 27 formed a highly oxidized heterocyclic compound 2-hydroxymethyl-naphtho [1, 2-a] oxazole (30) by the carbon-nitrogen coupling and carbon-oxygen coupling with the ligand of ethanolamine, which brings a chance to develop a novel approach to this heterocyclic compound via one-pot reaction of phenols under mild condition.

在氯化铜—乙醇胺—乙酸（1：2：2）的DMF溶液中，27与配体乙醇胺发生碳氮偶合与碳氧偶合，生成深度氧化的杂环化合物：2-羟甲基-萘并[1，2-a]〓唑（30）。这可望为酚类一锅化直接转化为30及其类似物提供一种简便的新合成路线。

In this paper, the carbon nanotubes made by CVD were purified by acid solution. Results indicate that the ports of CNTs were oxidated and opened up, the surface of CNTs bring a lot of oxygenous functions, which was useful for dispersion of CNTs in the water solutions.

采用液相氧化法对CVD法制备的碳纳米管进行了提纯，结果表明，经过提纯后碳管的端口被打开且表面产生了大量的含氧官能团，使其在水溶液中的分散性得到了改善。

Ammonium paratungstate has a great effect on the properties of the blue tungsten oxide , and blue tungsten oxide has a great effect on tungsten and tungsten carbide powder also; The tungsten carbide powder of good quality can be made from APT or blue tungsten oxide treated by a special process.

仲钨酸铵对蓝钨性能影响较大，而蓝钨物理性能对钨粉和碳化钨粉的性能影响也较大，通过对APT煅烧前或煅烧后进行特殊处理优选蓝钨原料，可以制取优质碳化钨粉。

The difference in δ 13 C values (2 88‰±0 31‰) between upland buzzards and small mammals was much larger than the differences reported previously, 1‰-2‰, and showed significant difference, while 1 31‰± 0 34‰ between upland buzzard and passerine bird species did not differ from the previously reported trophic fractionation difference of 1‰-2‰.

基于碳同位素的分馏模式(即动物和它食物之间稳定性碳同位素分馏在 1‰～ 2‰之间)，我们推断经大规模灭鼠后，大的食性发生了较大变化，其食物主要来源于高寒草甸的雀形目鸟类，而非原来的小型哺乳类。

They are most abundant in quartz of pegmatitic leucosomes and granitic rocks, and represent the fluid appearing in their cooling stage. The DL(H2O) of such fluid is 0.93～0.96g/cm3 corresponding to P≈0.6GPa which is compatible with condition when the rapid decompression in this region was ended. 3 CO2-H2O two or three phases inclusions. They are the most widespread, and more frequently in clusters and in intragranular tails in quartz. The relative content of CO2+CH4 and H2O is considerably variable. They are also characterized with lower density (0.6～0.8g/cm3) and low pressure about 0.3～0.4GPa, and may be originated by mixture of carbonic liquid from breaking of most inclusions of peak stage and aqueous liquid of magmatic source. After entrapment, the further decrease of temperature to lower than 330℃ made such fluid separated to two or three phases.

主要集中于伟晶质脉体和花岗岩中，是这期岩浆冷凝过程析出的流体相当时就被封闭所成，密度为0.93～0.96g/cm3，相应压力约0.6GPa，这与峰期后迅速减压过程结束时的条件相符。3CO2-H2O两相和多相包体，分布最广，成簇状和拖尾状包体群，碳质和H2O相对含量很不均匀，整体密度相对最低，一般为0.6～0.8g/cm3，相应压力为0.3～0.4GPa，它们可能是大幅度减压过程中第一类包体大量爆裂析出的碳质流体与第二类H2O溶液流体在各处以不同比例混溶所成，它们被封闭后在降温至330℃以下时分裂成两相或三相包体。

Also, the effects of the amount of tantalum pentachloride and reaction time on the softening point of the pitch were investigated. Results showed that the tantalum particles were dispersed homogeneously in the pitch precursor with sizes in the range of 20-50nm. The tantalum particles mainly existed in the form of δ-Ta2O5 when the reaction temperature was 420℃. By further heat treatment,δ-Ta2O5 was transformed into β-Ta2O5 at 900℃.Β-Ta2O5 and TaC co-existed at 1200℃. At 2800℃, all the tantalum was transformed into TaC.

结果表明：沥青中钽化合物的粒度为20nm～50nm，主要以五氧化二钽的形式均匀分散于沥青中；惰性气氛下，较低温度(420℃)热处理时，钽化合物以δ-Ta2O5的形式存在，温度升高到900℃时，δ-Ta2O5转化为β-Ta2O5，在温度达到1200℃时，β-Ta2O5和碳化钽共同存在于炭基体中，在2800℃温度下，钽完全转化为碳化钽。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。