碳

We reviewed the application of ionic liquids in organic synthesis in recent years, including both stoichiometric and catalytic versions.

第二部分对可能在离子液体，和中进行的碳-碳键形成反应进行了系统的研究。

The structure and morphology of CNTs which have been purified and not yet, were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, Raman, TG-DTA, BET, IR. The results indicated that when the stokehole reaction temperature was 1170℃,the decompose temperature of Ferrocene was 150℃,he volatilize temperature of Benzene was 50 ℃, hydric flow rate was 270ml/min, the concentration of thiophene was l% and the reaction time was 20 minutes, the CNTs with single-walled and multi-walled were prepared.

结果表明：炉膛反应温度1170℃、二茂铁的分解温度150℃、苯的挥发温度50℃、氢气的流量270ml／min、噻吩体积分数1.00／100ml苯、反应时间20min时，可以得到碳纳米管，既有单壁管又有多壁管，单壁管的内径分布在0.88～1.15nm之间，多壁管的直径分布在40～120nm之间；纯化后的碳纳米管比表面积增加，管壁光滑，而且产生了大量的含氧官能团，有利于在水溶液中的分散。

The structure and morphology of CNTs which have been purified and not yet, were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, Raman, TG-DTA, BET, IR. The results indicated that when the stokehole reaction temperature was 1170℃,the decompose temperature of Ferrocene was 150℃,he volatilize temperature of Benzene was 50 ℃, hydric flow rate was 270ml/min, the concentration of thiophene was 1% and the reaction time was 20 minutes, the CNTs with single-walled and multi-walled were prepared. The diameters of the single-walled CNTs are in the range of 0.08~1.15nm, and that of the multi-walled CNTs are in the range of 40~120nm.

结果表明：炉膛反应温度1170℃、二茂铁的分解温度150℃、苯的挥发温度50℃、氢气的流量270ml/min、吩体积分数1.00/100ml苯、反应时间20min时，可以得到碳纳米管，既有单壁管又有多壁管，单壁管的内径分布在0.881.15nm之间，多壁管的直径分布在40120nm之间；纯化后的碳纳米管比表面积增加，管壁光滑，而且产生了大量的含氧官能团，有利于在水溶液中的分散。

The heavy oil combustion activator mainly used in heating stove of steel rolled, industrial stove, power plant stove, glass furnace ,metal furnace ,ceramic roller kiln and channel kiln .It can accelerate combustion , prevent over-burning, reduce the harmful gas emission. Its energy-saving reaches to 5-8%. Diesel oil combustion activator mainly used in the diesel oil engine which can strengthen atomization ,improve ignition conditions, adjust the value of cetane,restrict intense or knocking vibrations, reduce the fuel de-compound and black smoke emission, prevent over-burning, carbonization and reduce the machine's friction. Its fuel-saving reaches to 3-5%. High efficiency gasoline combustion activator mainly used in gasoline engine, which can improve the gasoline octane rating ,restrain extensive or knocking vibrations, reduce fuel de-compound , prevent over burning , carbonization, reducing machine's friction and toxic gas or black smoke emission, Its fuel saving reaches to 3-5%.

该产品分为重油、柴油和汽油燃烧催化剂三大类，重油燃烧催化剂主要用于轧钢加热炉，工业锅炉，发电厂锅炉，玻璃熔窑，金属熔炼炉，陶瓷辊道窑，隧道窑中，能够促进燃烧，防止结焦，节能达5-8%，减少有害气体的排放；柴油燃烧催化剂主要用于柴油发动机中，起到增强雾化、改善着火条件，调整十六烷值，抑制隆震爆震，降低燃料分解，防止结焦积碳的作用，同时减少机器磨损，节约燃料3-5%，减少黑烟及有害气体的排放；高效汽油燃烧催化剂用于汽油发动机中，能提高汽油辛烷值，平抑隆震爆震，降低燃料分解，防止结焦积碳，减少机器磨损，节约燃料3-5%，减少有害气体及黑烟的排放。

The results indicated that corn stalk and stubble rationing application of N fertilizer would increase the content of soil microbial biomass carbon. Soil pH buffer capacity was strengthened. Soil aggregate structure was improved. Corn stalk and stubble remained in field would be helpful to maintenance and liberation of soil available nutrients...

结果表明：玉米秸秆和根茬留田可增加土壤微生物量碳的含量，较对照和单施化肥土壤微生物量碳分别增加38.4％～84.9％和27.2％～51.6％；增强土壤pH值的缓冲性能；改善土壤团聚体结构；有利于土壤中氮、磷、钾、铜、锌、铁、锰等养分的释放与调控，为作物生长创造适宜的土壤生化环境。

The oxidized rate decreases with the increase of the substitutional carbon at 900℃.

结果表明：在900℃氧化时，随着合金中的替代碳含量的增加，氧化速率逐渐下降；而在1000℃下氧化超过10min后，Si1-x-yGexCy合金的氧化基本上与碳的含量无关，与Si1-xGex的行为一致。

The results indicate that the BC3 compound starts to oxidize at about 620℃, compared to about 510℃ for pure C, which reveals the inhibiting effect of substitutional boron.

这种层状硼碳化合物在620℃左右开始氧化，比纯碳样品的初始氧化温度高大约100℃，替代的硼明显的改善了破的抗氧化性能。

The difference between the direct method and subtractive method in the determination of TOC is discussed.

研究了水质监测中总有机碳测定时，采用直接法和差减法测定结果的差异，结果表明对于自来水、天然水样和部分污水水样，采用直接法测定总有机碳更准确。

Using this varve dating results, we calibrate the other dating methods (radiocarbon dating and U-series dating) which were carried out in Lake Sugan. It was found that in the Little Ice Age with clastic varve type, radiocarbon dating has 2630 years radiocarbon reservoir effect, while beyond the LIA, the radiocarbon reservoir changed as the time passed.

通过已经得到验证的年纹层年龄-深度序列，对苏干湖其它测年手段~(14C测年和铀系测年进行验证，发现在碎屑类纹层沉积阶段即小冰期阶段，水生植物残体的~(14)C测年存在2630年碳库效应，小冰期以外时段碳库效应责随时间变化。

It was found that the endo-type sulfonium salts were also worked but afforded the corresponding cyclopropanes with opposite absolute configuration compared with that from the exo-type salt.

考察了硫盐结构对反应的影响，当硫盐中碳-硫键位于樟脑骨架 endo 位置和碳-硫键位于 exo 位置时所得环丙烷化反应主产物的绝对构型相反。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。