碳

In this thesis, we concentrate on the development in theoretical prediction and experimental synthesis of CN compounds in the recent 10 years. By means of ion beam sputtering, treating melamine at high temperature and pressure, pyrolyzing melamine and treating pyrolysis products of melamine by impulsive discharge and high-speed impact, we explore the routes to synthesize carbon nitrides. The chemical compositions, crystal structures and bonding states of the CN films and powders obtained from the experiment are studied by the use of EDX, XRD, TEM, XPS and FTIR.

本文概述了十年来碳氮化合物在理论预测和实验研究方面的进展；采用离子束溅射、三聚氰胺高温高压和三聚氰胺热解以及产物的脉冲放电和高速冲击加脉冲放电处理等三种方法，探索了碳氮化合物的合成途径；借助X射线能谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子谱和红外光谱等手段，对所获得的碳氮薄膜和碳氮粉末进行了成分、晶体结构、价键结构等性质的分析。

To study the effects of pyrolytic temperature on the cation exchange capacity of the crop-residue-derived black carbon and the Pb2+ and Cd2+ sorption on BC,the BC was isolated from the charred wheat residues by pyrolyzing the wheat residues under the oxygen-limited conditions for 24 h at 150,250,300,400 and 500 ℃ respectively.

为探讨热解温度对秸杆燃烧物提取黑碳阳离子交换量和重金属吸附量的影响，在150～500℃范围24h热解小麦秸秆，提取黑碳，测定黑碳阳离子交换量和黑碳吸附铅(Pb2+)和镉(Cd2+)量。

The results show that the extent of loose structure can be changed by different fiber distribution, the normal spectral emissivity and total emissivity of carbon fiber perform by adopting ply yarn process and carbon felt were higher than carbon cloth perform, and the normal spectral emissivity and total emissivity of porous C/C performs reinforced by short-cut fiber were also relatively superior to that reinforced by carbon fiber cloth.

结果表明，不同的纤维排布改变了样品的结构松散程度，多股线排布的碳素纤维预制体及碳毡的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率均优于碳素纤维布预制体，短切纤维增强碳/碳多孔坯体的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率优于碳布增强坯体。

Based on a large amount of data on carbon analysis of consecutive cuts of the specimens carburized with workpieces, and combined with the tracking test result on the furnace atmosphere, the components and the carbon potential control of carburizing atmosphere in the sealed box furnace were analyzed and studied.

根据大量随炉渗碳试样的剥层定碳分析数据，结合对炉气氛的跟踪试验结果，对密封箱式炉渗碳气氛的组分和碳势控制进行了分析研究。

Due to the suppression of reverse water gas shift reaction by adding steam in feed gas, more CO〓 participated in and promoted CO〓 reforming of CH〓 reaction, higher catalytic activity and less carbon deposition were obtained. On the surface of used catalyst there were two kinds of carbon species deposited on catalyst, one was decomposed CH〓 fragment, and the another was graphiticlike carbon.

在反应后催化剂表面有两类碳物种，一类在250～350℃出现的少量α-碳，应主要是活性高的CH〓解离碎片，一类是在700℃附近出现的β-碳，应是导致催化剂失活的类石墨化碳。

Part II:A novel conductive composite film (MWCNTs-RuOx) containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes with ruthenium oxide was synthesized on glassy carbon electrode, gold and indium tin oxide, screen printed carbon electrode by potentiostatic methods.

第二部分的氧化钌-奈米碳管薄膜(MWCNTs-RuOx)是一种新的传导性复合薄膜，包含多层奈米碳管与钌氧化物，可藉由电位静力学法制备在玻璃碳电极、黄金电极、铟锡氧化物电极和网板碳电极上。

As used herein, a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon is defined as a hydrocarbon containing at least one triple bond, conjugated carbon-carbon double bond, or cumulative carbon-carbon double bond.

本文所使用的高度不饱和烃定义为含有至少一个叁键、共轭的碳碳双键或累积的碳碳双键的烃。

Since the change from one to another involves rotation about the carbon-carbon bond, we describe this freedom to change by saying that there is free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond.

自从变化以后从一对另外一包括关于碳-碳的束缚的旋转，我们描述这自由藉由说有关于碳-碳的独身者束缚的自由的旋转改变。

Following the flow chart of carbon in the acrotelm and catotelm in peatlands, the dynamic model and the method of deriving model's parameters have been established.

根据聚碳动力学模型，提出了泥炭地聚碳强度和潜力指标，为衡量和评价不同泥炭地的聚碳强度和聚碳潜力提供了依据。

Particularly bearing steel, gear steel, spring steel, the steel mold, seamless steel tubes, and other leading products in domestic and international reputation, there are 35 products were Guoyou, Buyou, provincial distinctions, which, carburizing bearing steel, high carbon Chromium bearing steel and steel gear at the national Jinpai Jiang, single-sided Dual Chamber of flat steel country Silver Spring; GCr15 chromium bearing high-carbon steel products physical quality reached the international advanced level; G20 carburizing steel bearing the identification of Japan and Japan Co., Ltd., That reached the international advanced level, the Beijing plant south of locomotives and rolling stock as Mianjian products;∮ 130 mm specifications over four mooring chain is the only steel through the American Bureau of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, Lloyd's Register, and other well-known international classification societies of the certification and licensing production of varieties.

特别是轴承钢、齿轮钢、弹簧钢、工模具钢、无缝钢管等主导产品在国内外享有盛誉，有35项产品获国优、部优、省优，其中，渗碳轴承钢、高碳铬轴承钢和齿轮钢分获国家金牌奖，单面双槽弹簧扁钢获国家银奖；GCr15高碳铬轴承钢产品实物质量达到国际先进水平；G20渗碳轴承钢经日本东洋株式会社鉴定，认为达到了国际先进水平，被北京南口机车车辆厂视为免检产品；∮130mm规格以上四级系泊链钢是国内唯一在通过美国船级社、挪威船级社、英国劳氏船级社等国际著名船级社的认证和许可批量生产的品种。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。