碳

The study indicates that the content of soil carbon is on the low side because human behavior has a negative effect on sloping cropland. However, the content of every group soil carbon increased drastically by planting Robinia . With the increasing of the time of conservation, the relationship is very remarkable. After 50 years of restoration, the content of TOC, LOC, NLOC and AI in the study plot increased by 271%,174%, 467%, and 271%, respectively, compared with sloping cropland. The increasing speed of NLOC was faster than LOC. It is assumed that the increased carbon by restoration is stored in an inactive form to produce active matter which is necessary for biont. And the soil carbon must keep active to fulfill the balance of carbon dynamic transformation. At initial stages, soil carbon management index increased remarkably.

营造刺槐林可以显著增加土壤碳库各组分含量，并随恢复年限呈显著线性关系，50a时TOC、LOC、NLOC和碳库指数分别较坡耕地增加271%、174%、467%和271%，其中NLOC增加速率略高于LOC，表明植被恢复增加的土壤碳素绝大多数以非活性形态贮存起来，而为了满足生物生长所必须的活性物质来源，土壤碳库必须维持一定的活度状态来满足碳素的动态转化平衡，碳库管理指数在营造刺槐林初期显著降低，随后先增加后降低，与刺槐林生长特性密切相关；但与天然林相比差距仍然较大，恢复50a时TOC、LOC和NLOC仅为侧柏林的49%、34%和61%。

When Matthew Kahn and Iestimated household carbon emissions across American metropolitan areas we found that the three areas with the lowest emissions were San Diego San Francisco and San Jose. Carbon emissions in these places are still more than four times the emissions in the brownest Chinese city and10 times as high as the household emissions in the average Chinese city. Thatgulf reminds us why America has so little moral authority on global warming and why the world's carbon emissions will probablysoar as China and India acquire the living patterns of prosperous nations.

Matthew Kahn和我估算着美国大都市的居民碳排放，我们发现圣地亚哥、旧金山和圣何塞是碳排放最低的3个地区，但是这些地方的碳排放仍然高出中国污染最严重的城市4倍多，而且比中国一般城市的居民排放率高出10倍，这种差距提醒我们为什么美国在全球变暖事务上没有足够的权威性，以及为什么全球的碳排放将继续增长，随着中国和印度正在向富裕国家的生活模式靠近

The enhance nient of the corrosion resistance laser dadoling of the CNTs/Ni60 coatings is due to that the reserved carbon nanotubes in the coatings segregate the corrosive medium and promote N-based alloy passivation, the formed phases of the carbide and the reserved carbon nanotubes homogenous distribution in the claddings resist die corrosion.

碳纳米管／镍基激光熔覆层耐腐蚀的原因在于熔覆层保留的碳纳米管使熔覆层更加致密，隔离了腐蚀介质，促进了镍基合金的钝化，从而提高了熔覆层的耐蚀性；同时，熔覆层中保留下来的碳纳米管和被分解的碳纳米管与金属基体形成碳化物，作为增强相均匀弥散在熔覆层中，它们的存在阻止了腐蚀坑的长大，因而蚀坑较小，耐腐蚀性得到提高。

The one carbon unit transfer reaction involving in the tetrahydrofolate coenzymes has caused great interest which is very important in the living system and has played an important role in the designing and syntheses compounds (especially the anti-cancer and LCD materials). In our study it was found that benzimidazolium salt has the ability to transfer one or two one-carbon unit and is a kind of new tetrahydrofolate coenzymes model. This research provides new method for biomimetic synthesis.

在非酶催化条件下，不仅实现了与生物体内相类似的一碳单元转移反应，而且可以转移具有不同官能团的取代&一碳单元&，使这种一碳单元转移反应传递的功能化一碳单元更加多样化，这方面强劲的研究工作进展，将为异常活跃的合成化学提供更多常规合成方法难以实现或实现不理想的仿生合成新方法。

In order to determine the load-bearing capacity, the bearing steel GCr15 was treated by ferritic and composite nitrocarburizing techniques.

为考察氮碳共渗层的承载能力，对GCr15轴承钢进行了铁素体氮碳共渗及其与氧化+抛光+氧化相结合的复合氮碳共渗工艺，首次对铝质材料实施了氮碳共渗处理，研究了表面处理层的摩擦学特性。

The carbon material is selected from graphite powder, a graphite fiber, a carbon fiber, a carbon cloth, a vitreous carbon product, and an activated carbon product.

该碳材料选自石墨粉、石墨纤维、碳纤维、碳织物、玻璃碳产品和活性碳产品。

Since high carbon alloy steels is HRC 55~65 in hardness and 1.5%~2.5% in Carbon Equivalent, high-carbon-alloy-steel surfaced metals generally were selected in order to maintain high hardness and wear resistance of weld repaired layer, of which high-carbon Cr-Mo-W surfaced metal had been most widely used with 300~500℃ preheat or heat-treat after welding to improve its crack resistance.

由于高碳合金钢的碳当量高达1.5％～2.5％，硬度一般为HRC55～65，为了保证修复层的高硬度和耐磨性，焊接材料常选用高碳合金钢质堆焊金属，目前最普遍采用为高碳Cr－Mo－W系堆焊金属，但必须采用350～500℃高温预热焊和焊后热处理工艺措施以保证其具有一定的抗裂性。

The complexing properties of compounds 10a, 10b, 11a and 11b toward alkali metal ions were studied by 〓H NMR titration, ESI-MS, UV-Vis spectra, Fluoresence spectra and liquid-liquid extraction. The results show:(1) the 1:1 complexes were formed.(2) The calix-crown 10a, 11a have a higher selectivity for Na〓 ions, whereas 10b, 11b for K〓 ions.(3) The complexing ability toward alkali metal ions was enhanced when the calix-crown have side arm carbonyl.(3) The coordination of alkali metal ions toward phenoxy, carbonyl and crown ethereal oxygens take place by rotation around the carbon-carbon bond of carbonyl and methylene.

六，用〓H NMR滴定，ESI-MS，UV-Vis，Fluorescence，液-液萃取实验研究了10a，10b，11a和11b对金属离子的配位性质，研究结果表明：1）杯芳烃冠醚衍生物同碱金属离子形成了1：1配合物，化合物10a、11a对Na〓具有较高的配位能力，化合物10b、11b对K〓具有较高的配位能力；2）在杯冠醚环的旁边引入带有羰基氧原子的基团作为侧臂参与配位可以加强对碱金属离子的配位能力；3）金属离子分别同苯酚氧，羰基氧，聚氧醚链氧发生了配位，配位过程中侧链基团涉及到了羰基碳与亚甲基碳的碳碳键的旋转过程。

Although the mode of carbon storage in the mantle is largely unknown, observations of microbubbles on dislocations in minerals from mantle xenoliths has led to the suggestion that carbon may be soluble in silicates at high pressure.

地球地幔中储存的碳的数量要比大气层和生物圈中碳的总量大几个数量级，所以，碳在地幔中的储存模式是全球碳预算中的一个重要问题。

In normal state,δ13C in biogenic alkane gas increases, while its component content decreases, with increase of the carbon numbers. In Section-1 gas pool of Leikoupo formation of Middle Triassic in Moxi gas field of central Sichuan, both of the component content and δ13C series appear reversals.

正常状态下，有机烷烃气的碳同位素值(δ13C)依碳数递增而递增，其组分含量依碳数递增而递减，而川中磨溪气田中三叠统雷口坡组一段气藏，有机烷烃气的组分含量和碳同位素系列却出现了倒转。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。