碰撞

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

Then the particle swarm optimization is introduced to collision detection area. In this dissertation, it also proposes two novel framework which combines the exist techniques of hierarchy bounding volume and surface simplification with the PSO. We have tested the frameworks in our "Haptic Interactive System ". The new frameworks performance well for most models in virtual scene.

本文探索和研究了虚拟环境中广泛使用的碰撞检测算法，尝试把几何模型的碰撞检测问题转化为优化搜索问题，把粒子群优化搜索技术引入碰撞检测领域，并结合碰撞检测领域现有的层次包围盒技术和网格简化技术，组成新颖的限时干涉检测算法框架，即用户可以方便地控制分配给碰撞检测算法的时间，尝试去克服这一技术瓶颈。

A model of the impact between the bit and the wall of well is set up. The impact is simplified as an impact of two cylinders. According to the coefficient of restitution obtained from experiment and the speed of the bit before impact, the speed of the bit after impact and the impacting force can be worked out.

通过建立钻头与井壁的碰撞模型，将碰撞简化为两个圆柱筒之间的碰撞，利用冲量定理和实验方法获得的钻头与井壁碰撞时的恢复系数及钻头碰撞前的速度，可计算出钻头与岩石碰撞后的速度和碰撞时产生的碰撞力。

The findings knew that the ships collision is a type of an act of tort , its liability asks to recompense is looks carefully the state of fault to decide , generally may divide into the force majeure or the unknown cause collision , the mutual fault of both sides collision and so on , because if the force majeure or the unknown cause collision , undertake voluntarily by the victim , if an error of the side undertakes the damage compensate responsibility by the inflicter , when if both sides have mutually to cause its faults , basically it depends on the fault to share , but if it's unable to judge the proportion then the average to share is necessary.

研究结果得知，船舶碰撞为一典型之侵权行为，其责任求偿乃端视过失型态而定，一般可分为不可抗力或不明原因之碰撞、单方过失碰撞及双方互有过失碰撞等，而若因不可抗力或不明原因之碰撞者，由受害人自行承担，若纯为一方之过失者则由加害者承担损害赔偿责任，若因双方互有过失所造成时，原则上依过失程度分担，但若无法判定比例时则平均分担。

The effect from transverse webs and frames and the effect from collision velocity on ship bow collision properties are also studied in this paper. 7. The idea of buffer bow is put forward from aspects of the overall situation of environmental protection and reducing the damage of struck shipside caused by striking bow. The influence of curvature of bow shape on mode of distortion, collision force, collision force density and energy absorption of bulbous bow is described detailedly through a series of collision numerical simulation for bulbous bows that have different curvature.

发现横向框架对于船艏结构的变形形态，碰撞力及能量吸收都有一定的影响，在进行碰撞分析时不能忽略，在较低的速度范围内碰撞速度对碰撞力及能量吸收没有太大影响，所以可以从较高速度撞击后得到的能量吸收曲线中得到较低速的碰撞能量吸收曲线，从而可以得到低速碰撞时的撞深，然后通过这个撞深在较高速碰撞的碰撞力曲线中可以获得低速碰撞的碰撞力曲线。

The material for formation of the granitoids isderived from mixing sources of crust and mantle, with decreasing in crust-derived componentsfrom early to late.5. The tectonic setting for formation of the Mesozoic granitoids in the region isdefined as a post-collisional setting. The occurrence of a small part of rocks with characteristics ofcollisional or anorogenic granitoids provides evidence for the continuous process oftransformation of tectonic regime from collisional through post-collisional to anorogenic.6. Themultiple cycles of mantle-derived magma underplating caused by the multiple stages oflithospheric thinning in the Mesozoic result in the partial melting of middle to lower crust orcrust-mantle syntexis to form magmas. The crystallization of these magmas emplacing afterfractionation is responsible for the formation of the Mesozoic granitoids in this region.

形成花岗岩类的成岩物质来自壳幔混源。5、河南省西部地区中生代花岗岩类成岩构造环境为碰撞后环境，部分岩石具有碰撞期或非造山期花岗岩的某些特征，表明碰撞后阶段既是碰撞造山过程的延续，又是向非造山环境的构造转换时期，因而其岩浆活动在一定程度上仍然继承了碰撞前消减时期和碰撞时期已经活化的岩浆源区性质。6、研究表明，区内中生代多阶段的岩石圈减薄作用引发多旋回的幔源岩浆底侵以及中下地壳的部分熔融或壳幔同熔，由此形成的岩浆经分异演化后侵位可以形成区内的中生代花岗岩类。

For collinear collision, the preceding collision velocity and post collision velocity are calculated on the basis of the slippage distance and unreturnable distortion of collision vehicle; For collinear collision, the preceding collision velocity and post collision velocity are calculated on the basis of the impact locality and stop locality of collision vehicle.

对于一维碰撞，根据碰撞后车辆的滑移距离和车辆的塑性变形量，反推计算出车辆碰撞后的速度和碰撞前的接触速度；对于二维碰撞，可以根据车辆的碰撞位置和停止位置，反推计算出车辆碰撞后的分离速度和碰撞前的接触速度。

Firstly, on the basis of summarizing the research results, this paper deeply discusses the calculating model to analyze the instantaneous motion state in vehicle collision and the interrelation between restitution coefficient and vehicle collision speed. The simplified Gim tyre model is introduced, this type model has the fast computing and higher calculating precision, it is the practical vehicle type model in the analysis of vehicle collision accident at present. According to the collinear collision and two-dimension collision, the paper establishes the impact model at vehicle collision moment and the post collision movement model.

本文在总结前人研究的基础上，分析了车对车碰撞作用瞬间状态的计算模型及碰撞恢复系数与碰撞前、后速度的关系：介绍了Gim轮胎理论模型的简化形式，该模型计算速度快、计算精度高，尤其在车轮大侧偏角运动时其计算精度远远优于其它轮胎模型，是目前在汽车碰撞事故分析中最为实用的汽车轮胎理论模型：根据交通事故中最普遍的一维碰撞和二维碰撞的不同情况，分别建立了碰撞作用瞬间的力学模型和碰撞后车辆动力学模型。

In the research, the study of car impact test and numerical simulation method are both used. Based on works that have done, an impact model containing car model, dummy and restriction system model was built. According to national regulation, different types of impacts were simulated. The fuel cell auto's impact safety was analyzed, and the injury criterion for occupant can be read out directly by simulation data. The main research content of this project is to set up the fuel cell auto's frontal impact model, side-impact model, rear-impact model and the whole frontal impact model, which contains car model, dummy, restriction system model and so on, and calculating these models.

在本课题的研究过程中，博采众长，坚持创新，在综合分析总结前人研究经验的基础上，将实车碰撞试验研究与仿真计算分析方法结合起来，统一车身耐撞性有限元计算分析与乘员在约束系统作用下的运动响应的多体动力学分析，采用整车虚拟碰撞试验法进行燃料电池轿车的碰撞安全性研究，即建立一个集车辆、人体模型及乘员约束系统三者于一体的完整的车辆模型，以国家安全法规为依据，进行各种碰撞型式的整车虚拟碰撞试验，利用仿真计算结果进行燃料电池轿车的碰撞安全性分析，直接预测乘员的伤情指标。

Based on probability theory, a method for describing and calculating the collision probability between rendezvous and docking vehicle and debris is presented, and the method involves quantitatively analyzing the collision probability using quasi maximum instantaneous collision probability and total collision probability. The method calculating the indexes is developed, and the input required to perform a calculation includes the respective state vectors, position error covariance matrices and physical sizes of objects involved.(3) Two methods to analyze relative trajectory safety between chaser and target are developed, which are 3-sigma ellipsoid based methodology and collision probability based methodology.

1分析了交会对接各阶段面临的主要轨迹安全威胁，阐述了被动和主动安全策略、目标器的交会对接控制区域等保证交会安全的措施；(2)基于概率思想发展了线性和非线性运动情况下飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞判断方法，提出采用总碰撞概率和拟最大瞬时碰撞概率来综合描述飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞危险程度，推导了通过飞行器和空间碎片各自的状态矢量、位置误差协方差矩阵以及形状尺寸来计算碰撞概率的公式；(3)提出了两种分析追踪器和目标器之间相对轨迹安全的新方法：基于3σ椭球的轨迹安全分析方法和基于碰撞概率的轨迹安全分析方法。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。