确定方向

Earthworks zero line is determined by constructing the spatial gridding curved surface model of the original terrain and the field leveling design terrain by digital elevation mode. The DEM data of original terrain are obtained by actual measurement. The mathematical correlation is deducted to demonstrate the relationship between the coordinates of any point on spatial line and the direction cosine by the spatial linear equation. DEM data obtaining program is compiled by Fortran9.0 and it is applied automatically to obtain the DEM data of field leveling design terrain.

目的 利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model， DEM)构造原始地形和场平设计地形的空间网格曲面模型，确定土方工程中的零线方法通过实测提取原始地形DEM数据；依据空间直线方程，推导空间线段土任意点的坐标与方向余弦的数学关系式，采用Fortran90程序设计语言编写DEM数据提取程序，自动提取场平设计地形DEM数据；应用Surfers8.0和MapInfo软件构造规则的网格空间曲面模型并导出网格节，点数据；擦除场平设计范围外数据。

AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER, A system which determines the direction of a radio station.

自动定向仪，确定无线电台方向的系统。

A modern direction finder, as was then used for radio navigation in large passenger ships, used a steerable ring antenna to determine the airship's position from any two radio transmitters either land or ship-based.

一个现代化的方向搜索，因为当时使用的无线电导航大型客船，使用环形天线可操纵的飞艇，以确定的立场，任何两个无线电发射机或船舶或者土地为基础的。

It includes an optimized curve fitting algorithm based on the least-squares method and a surface lofting algorithm in which a interpolation function is employed to provide a continuous variation of the parameter in one direction over the entire lofted surface.

基于最小二乘法，对截面数据进行均方误差下的精确优化拟合；在曲面蒙面算法中，采用插值函数确定蒙面曲面一个方向的参数。

The system parameters are determined by optimizing an output-error cost function. To deal with the non-uniqueness of the fully parameterized state-space system, a projected gradient search algorithm is presented by restricting the update of the parameters to the tangent space to the manifold of observationally equivalent state-space systems. The sufficient condition to employ L-M algorithm for optimizing parameters is also introduced. The proposed hierarchical optimization identificationmethod includes two steps: First, the parameter search direction is determined by the proposed adaptive L-M projected gradient approach; Second, the optimum step size is computed according to a line search method.

通过极小化输出误差目标函数获得了系统参数估计；提出了正交梯度搜索方法用于解决系统参数的非唯一性问题，正交梯度搜索的本质是在输入-输出等价类相切平面的正交垂空间更新系统参数；给出了用 L-M 算法进行参数优化的充分条件；提出的系统参数递阶优化辨识方法包括两步：首先用给出的自适应 L-M 算子正交梯度方法确定参数优化方向；其次由一维搜索方法计算最佳步长。

Then, the minutiae sets are aligned globally through coordinate transform, and the alignment parameters are optimized by using affine transform and least square method. Finally, minutiae matching and directional field matching are respectively achieved based on the minutiae alignment, and the two matching scores are fused into a single to obtain a more reasonable result. Experimental results show that this method contributes to ensure the accuracy of fingerprint identification as well as possesses the real-time performance.

该算法首先利用脊线信息快速确定满足局部匹配要求的细节点对，在此基础上进一步通过全局坐标变换完成细节点的全局配准，并采用仿射变换模型通过最小二乘估计对配准参数进行优化，然后在配准的基础上分别进行细节点匹配和方向场匹配，最后对两种匹配分值进行融合，以取得较合理的匹配结果。

By defining a discriminability function and utilizing some images with synthetic defects, a parameter selection method is proposed to adapt to various fabric types when the Gabor filter bank is applied in defect segmentation. It is argued that only the real part of Gabor filter works during segmentation; the radial orientation can be limited to horizontal and vertical direction; the radial frequency and the length of the FIR filter should depend on the basic frequency of the fabric texture.

本文通过定义分辨力函数，以合成疵点图像为研究对象，提出了在实时应用中对各种不同的纹理图像能快速确定Gabor滤波器组参数的方法：疵点分割中只需用到实Gabor滤波器；方位角只需取水平和垂直方向，径向中心频率和FIR滤波器长度的选取依赖于布面纹理的固有频率。

The method for the point sets selection of point Hough transform and the scan direction for image of searching the point sets were improved by using the geometrical characteristic of the concentric circles:The center of the concentric circles was obtained in the accumulative array firstly,radius was obtained by the mean of distance between the circle center and every edge points afterwards,both the circle center and the edge of the concentric circles were detected accordingly.

利用同心圆的几何特点对点Hough变换边缘点的点组选取方法和搜索点组的图像扫描方向进行了改进：首先由累加阵列确定同心圆的圆心，然后由圆心到各个有效边缘点距离的均值求出半径，从而检测出同心圆的圆心与边缘。

But for the middle and large scale problems, the computation cost by symbolic differentiation is very expensive. When the direction derivative is evaluated, the computation cost by divided difference can be reduced, but it is only one kind of approximate computation.

对于大中规模问题来说，使用符号微分，成本昂贵，有时甚至不可行，在计算导数的方向梯度时，利用差分法虽然可以降低计算成本，但得到的是近似值，而且确定恰当的差分区间也很困难。

It mainly introduces the origin and development of DOA estimation and the current situation of related issues. Then, the content of this dissertation is determined.

主要介绍了DOA估计问题的起源和发展及相关问题的研究现状和存在的问题，继而确定了本文的研究内容和方向。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。