硬膜内的

Hemorrhage may also be isolated to the cyst or be associated with subdural and, rarely, extradural hematoma.

出血可以是孤立性的囊内出血或伴随硬膜下血肿，极少数情况下伴随硬膜外血肿。

The notable proliferation was not observed by eyes in the local of injection. The infiltration of inflammation cells and mild proliferation of fibrocyte around dura mater was observed by HE stained in 4 and 8 weeks after injection. Infiltration and exudation of inflammation cells was observed by HE stained in epidural nerve root. Compared with group A, no changes of group B, C and D were observed under specific stained. Proliferation of type Ⅱ collagen fibers around dura mater was seen under immunohistochemical stained in 4 and 8 weeks after injection. There is no significant demyelination changes under LFB stained. The thickness and shape of the myelin sheath in epidural nerve root was not regular under transmission electronic microscopy in 4 and 8 weeks after injection. Fibroblast was also seen there. In nerve endometrium, macrophage could be seen under TEM, myelinated nerve fiber changed significantly, but nonmyelinated nerve fiber changed mildly. When 8 weeks, the changes of group D is smaller than the group B and C.

给药局部肉眼观察未见明显的纤维组织增生；HE染色可见B、C、D三组给药后四周及八周时硬膜内外均有炎细胞浸润，纤维细胞轻度增生，硬膜外神经根内有炎细胞浸润及炎性渗出；特殊染色B、C、D三组同A组相比未见有脊髓及神经根的改变；免疫组化染色，给药后四周及八周时，硬膜内外均有Ⅱ型胶原纤维增生；固兰染色B、C、D三组未见有明显脱髓鞘改变，与A组相比无明显异常改变；电镜观察B、C、D三组在给药后的四周及八周时，表现为硬膜外神经根内髓鞘厚薄不一，形状不规则，可见成纤维细胞，神经内膜中可见有巨噬细胞；粗大的有髓神经纤维变化明显，无髓神经纤维受累较轻；八周时电镜下D组改变较B、C两组为轻。

objective to investigate the paregoric effects of butorphanol when the errhysis occurs inside the epidural catheter during continuous epidural anesthesia.methods 60 cases of kidney stones received elective surgery.during this surgery they underwent continuous epidural anesthesia and eight cases of them showed the errhysis in the epidural catheter.then epidural injection of butorphanol was given for analgesia and hr,map,spo2 as well as muscle relaxation conditions were monitored before and 5,10,20 min after injection.the conscious and breathing of patients were also monitored.results before and 5,10,20 min after injection of butorphanol,hr and map difference were not statistically significant.the analgesic results were satisfactory.conclusion butorphanol has a definite analgesic effect when the errhysis occurs in epidural catheter during continuous epidural anesthesia.

目的 探讨在连续硬膜外麻醉中，硬膜外导管内渗血时，应用布托啡诺镇痛的效果。方法择期行肾结石手术患者60例，行连续硬膜外麻醉，其中8例硬膜外导管内渗血，均经硬膜外腔注入布托啡诺镇痛，分别监测注入前及注入后5 、10 、20 min，hr、map、spo2及肌肉松驰情况，同时监测患者神志及呼吸情况。结果注射布托啡诺前及注射后5、10、20 min，hr、map差异无统计学意义，镇痛效果满意。结论在连续硬膜外麻醉中硬膜外导管渗血时，注入布托啡诺维持麻醉镇痛效果明确。

Results: Lateral extradural approach could be used to expose the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve,trigeminal ganglion,posterior vertical segment of the intrapetrosal ICA,abducent nerve and horizontal segment of the intrapetrosal ICA;lateral intradural approach could be used to expose the lateral,anteroinferior and posterosuperior venous spaces,almost all the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus and horizontal segments of the intracavernous ICA;superior approach could be used to expose the medial,lateral and posterosuperior venous spaces,medial side of the anterior genu,anterior vertical and clinoidal segments of the intracavernous ICA and the lateral side of the hypophysis.

结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支，三叉神经节，海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段，外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段；侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下，后上静脉间隙，以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段；上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙，海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面，以及垂体的外侧面。

Spinal schwannomas may occur at any level of the spinal axis and are most commonly intradural.

脊髓神经鞘瘤的发病位置可位于脊髓的任何节段，并且最常见于硬膜内。

The authors reviewed 10 years of data obtained in patients who underwent cervical laminectomy without fusion for intradural tumor resection and who had normal spinal stability and alignment preoperatively.

作者回顾了近10年的硬膜内肿瘤切除术颈椎椎板切除后未行融合术的病人且术前病人脊椎稳定性与对位正常。

In the authors' experience with intradural cervical tumor resection, patients presenting with myelopathic motor symptoms or those undergoing a ≥ 3-level cervical laminectomy had an increased likelihood of developing subsequent symptomatic instability requiring fusion.

据作者经验，硬膜内颈部肿瘤切除在伴有髓性运动症状或椎板切除≥ 3节的病人中伴发颈椎不稳并需行融合手术的可能性增加。

Then the muscle pack was placed intradural, and the gelfoam soaked with ZT mucilage was tamponed intra-and extra-dural to support the packing.

结果显微镜下凿开鞍底充分暴露硬膜漏口，向硬膜漏口内填塞肌肉块，无脑脊液流出后，用渍ZT胶的明胶海绵填塞于硬膜漏口的内、外侧和蝶窦腔。

Results: The male patients appeared more than females in spinal cord AVMs, but the occult intramedullary AVMs had the same morbidity The patients with intramedullary AVMs and perimdeullary AVF were younger, in contrast, patients with dural AVF were usually older than 40 years of age. The intra - medullary AVMs were most common located in the cervical and thracic - lumbar spinal cord, the perimedullary AVF and dural AVF were most seen in the low thracic of lumbar region. The most common initial symptom associated with intramedullary lesions was accute onset where as the progressive aggravation was the most common presenting symptom in cases of dural AVF. The prognosis of the patients with intramedullary lesions had hemorrhage was worse than who without hemorrhage.

结果：脊髓AVM s中，隐匿型AVMs无明显的性别差异，余各类型男性均多于女性；髓内AVMs、髓周AVF以青少年多见，硬膜型AVF发生于中老年；髓内AVMs多见于颈髓及胸腰段脊髓，髓周AVF及硬膜型AVF多见于胸腰段；髓内AVMs以急性起病多见，髓周AVF表现为进行性加重，少数可急性发作，硬膜型AVF以慢性起病多见；髓内出血者预后较无出血者差。

Objective To study th e effect of large and huge pituitary adenomas resected via the extended subfrontal approach.

摘 要：目的探讨扩大额下硬膜内入路显微手术切除大型和巨大型垂体腺瘤的手术方式和临床疗效。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。