硬膜

Methods A total of 30 patients receiving open cholecystectomy under the general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia in our hospital were selected.The right internal jugular vein and femoral vein catheterization was performed after the anesthesia induction and intubation to continuously monitor CVP and the inferior vena cava pressure.Meanwhile, the changes in CVP, MAP, HR, IVCP before abdominal opening,upon pulling gallblad-der as well as 5 min, 10 min and 15 minutes after the opening of deep retractors were observed, recor-ded and compared.

选择在全麻加硬膜外麻醉下开腹胆囊切除手术病人30例，麻醉诱导插管后行右颈内静脉和股静脉穿刺置管，连续监测CVP和下腔静脉压，观察并记录开腹前、牵拉胆囊时、深部拉钩牵开后5、10、15 min及关腹后CVP、MAP、HR、IVCP的变化，并进行显著性检验。

BACKGROUND: Prewarming and intraoperative warming with forced air-warming systems prevent perioperative hypothermia and shivering in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery with epidural anesthesia.

背景：术前和术中使用充气式保温系统能预防硬膜外麻醉行择期剖宫产术患者的围术期低温及寒战。

Objective To evaluate the superiority of neuro-physiological prefading, which was achieved to promote the homeostasis of organisms in CSEA dur on aged patients.

目的：探讨预防性调节高龄患者神经体液系统，提高在脊麻-硬膜外联合麻醉下机体内环境稳定性。

Application of neuro-physiological prefading in CSEA during transurethral vaporization of the prostate on aged patients had a lot of advantages. The security was more reliable. It had little influence on patients. It was the optimal method of anesthesia.

神经生理预调节在高龄患者前列腺电切术脊麻-硬膜外联合麻醉中的应用增加了机体稳定性，生理影响小，提升了CSEA在高龄患者中应用安全性。

Methods: Sixty patients in epidural anesthesia of gynecological surgery were randomly divided into two groups(n=30). Group A midazolam 0.04 mg/kg and fentanyl 1.0 μg/kg; group B: pethidine 1.0 mg/kg and haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg.

选择ASA 1~2级硬膜外麻醉下行妇科手术患者60例，随机分成两组，每组30例。A组：咪唑安定0.04mg/kg+芬太尼1.0μg/kg；B组：哌替啶1.0mg/kg+氟哌利多0.05mg/kg。

Using an epidural catheter placed at the level of T1-2 or T2-3, seven patients scheduled for awake CABG received TEA for total arterial myocardial revascularization after partial lower sternotomy.Six patients remained awake and spontaneously breathing during the entire procedure, but one required intraoperative intubation for respiratory distress caused by phrenic nerve palsy. Hemodynamics were stable throughout surgery without significant arterial hypercarbia. All patients rated TEA as "good" or "excellent."

七个患者被安排在清醒的CABG接受TEA，在部分下肢手术后，使用安置於 T1-2 或 T2-3 的硬膜外导管，以进行总动脉的心肌血管更换术，其中六名患者保持清醒，并且在手术过程中自然地呼吸，但是一位患者因为隔膜神经瘫痪导致呼吸困难，而需要进行手术中的插管，血液动力学在手术过程中是稳定的，并未发生动脉的血中二氧化碳含量过高，所有患者认为TEA是&良好或极佳的&。

Fluid restriction and an effective epidural analgesia are the key factors that determine outcome of the fast-track program.

流质限制和有效的硬膜外镇痛是决定快速通道方案结果的关键因素。

Compound injection of 1% tetracaine and 0 5% lidocaine were used in case group,and 2% lidocaine were used in control group.

结果 ：1%利多卡因复合 0 2 5 %丁卡因液在麻醉时效、麻醉效能和麻醉效果上比 2 %利多卡因硬膜外腔麻醉，作用时间延长，麻醉平面扩大，有统计学意义。

All patients were immobilised in a plaster cast or external fixation after operation.

在硬膜外或臂丛麻醉下，应用电视X线或/B超定位，将HESW的焦点分别对准近、远侧骨折端各施2000次震波(定位时HESW的焦点要避开内固定物)。

Objective: To investigate the effect of combined general-thoracic epidural anaesthesia on perioprative immunosuppression of patients with esophageal cancer.

目的 探讨胸部硬膜外阻滞复合全麻及单纯全麻对食管癌患者围术期免疫功能的影响。

John Robbins lives with his family in Santa Cruz, California.

约翰罗宾和家人居住在加利福尼亚州的圣克鲁斯县。

The international background is mainly the economic ties among different nations tented to be widen and deepen at the peace and development times.

国际背景主要是和平与发展时代条件下的世界各国经济贸易联系的日益加深。