硬膜

IMPLICATIONS: Optimal placement of thoracic epidurals improves the quality of analgesia although minimizing unwanted hemodynamic or motor side effects.

最佳的胸部硬膜外定位可以改善镇痛的质量减少意外的血流动力学和运动系统的副反应。

To determine the effect of intra-arterial injection of the steroids commonly used for transforaminal epidurals on the central nervous system.

目的：明确常规经椎间孔硬膜外皮质类固醇动脉内注射对中枢神经系统的影响，进一步明确是否所有皮质类固醇均有此作用。

In animals, epidurals interfere with maternal attachment and onset of mothering behavior by blocking sensory

在动物实验中，硬膜外麻醉妨碍了需于感官刺激下而致的催产素释放，进而影响母婴依附关系及母性行为的建立。

Our study was designed to evaluate 400 lumbar epidurals performed by 4 first-year residents. The study enrolled 400 cases classified as grade 1 and 2 of spinal process landmarks.

评估400人次由4位第一年住院医师所执行之腰椎硬膜外麻醉，病患选择为以脊椎骨突起分级属第一与第二级之病例。

And some anesthesiologists have expressed concerns about performing epidurals, used during labor, through those symmetrically designed female lower-back tattoos because of the slim possibility that the needle might carry pigment into the spinal canal.

而且一些麻醉医师曾经表示在产程中进行硬膜外麻醉，从那些女性下背部精心设计的文身图案中进针时常常担心针头将颜料带入椎管内。

The reasons for false-positive facet blocks are multifactorial and include placebo response (18–32%) to diagnostic facet interventions, use of sedation, the liberal use of superficial LA, and the spread of injectate to paingenerating structures other than those targeted.166 Although some investigators have disputed this assertion,167,168 it is our belief that not only opioids, but sedatives such as midazolam, can lead to false-positive blocks by interfering with the interpretation of analgesic response (i.e., preventing a patient from engaging in normal activities) and virtue of their muscle relaxant properties.169 In a recent survey conducted in 500 patients receiving facet blocks or epidurals at an outpatient spine center, only 17% requested sedation.170

小关节阻滞性诊断的假阳性结果的原因是多种多样的，包括安慰剂反应(18–32%)，如利用镇静剂，浅表大量应用LA以及注射液外渗到目标外的其他疼痛发生阻滞。虽然有些学者对这种论断持怀疑态度，但是我们认为不论类罂粟碱，咪达唑仑等镇静剂，都可因具有麻醉反应（如可阻止患者从事正常活动）及肌松特点而导致假阳性率。在最近一项500人的研究中，这些门诊患者接受了小关节阻滞或硬膜外阻滞，只有17%患者需要镇静剂。

Transforaminal injections than for caudal or interlaminar epidurals and stronger for subacute than chronic pain.21 w20 In a small, randomised, placebo controlled study, transforaminal epidural steroids reduced the rate of later surgical intervention.22 In

对那些椎管狭窄的病人，没有证据证明硬膜外注射有效，对非特异性下腰痛也是一样。

Abstract］ Objective To study the chronic subdural haematoma pathological mechanism characteristic,curing method and factor failing.

摘要］ 目的探讨分析慢性硬膜下血肿的病理特点、治疗方法和失败因素。

Methods Totally 900 patients with traumatic epidural haematoma who were treated with drilling skull plus urokinase were reviewed.

总结900例颅骨钻孔结合尿激酶微创治疗外伤性硬膜外血肿的临床资料。

The images that we found in plain and enhancement scan are useful to diagnose chronic haematoma.

上述平扫与增强扫描的CT影像是诊断慢性硬膜下血肿的可靠依据。

I urge any American living outside the country to get an early start checking his/her registration and receiving an absentee ballot, because it can take a while.

我奉劝身在国外的所有美国人早点着手核对登记表，并接收缺席选举人票，因为这得花点时间。

He is too young to join the army.

他太年轻了，还不能参军。