硬脊膜

31 The base of the skull is lined by a tuff layer of dura matter.

头颅底部是被一层硬脑脊膜所覆盖。

We investigated the incidence of perception of and spontaneous verbal and motor responses to insertion of a spinal needle through the dura mater and pia mater and the effect of injecting lidocaine into the epidural space through the epidural needle before inserting the spinal needle through the meninges.

我们调查在穿刺针通过硬脊膜及软脊膜时不适感和不自主的口头及身体反应的发生率，同时调查在置腰麻针前硬膜外注射利多卡因对这些反应的影响。

Methods The routine MR imaging was performed on 114 intradural extramedullary tumors with a 1.0 Tesla MR unit.Rank correlation and regression coefficent were analyzed for MR characteristics of neurilemmomas、neurofibromas and meningiomas.Dynamic spin-echo MR imaging was performed on 23 cases types of contrast enhancement ratio-time curves were analyzed.

使用1.0 Tesla MRI系统(Magnetom Impact，Siemens)对114例髓外硬膜下肿瘤进行常规扫描，对常见肿瘤(神经鞘瘤、神经纤维瘤、脊膜瘤)的MRI征象进行等级相关和回归系数分析，同时对23例肿瘤进行SE(200/15)序列动态增强扫描，分析CER-T曲线类型。

This article studied differences in postpartum fatigue and birth outcomes between women who pushed immediately and those who delayed pushing during the second stage of labor. Data were collected from primiparous women in their 38th to 42nd gestational week who did not receive epidural analgesia during labor and were free of complications during pregnancy. Using a quasi-experimental design, 72 participants selected by convenient sampling were assigned based on individual participant's preference to either an experimental or control group. For the experimental group, pushing was delayed until the point after full cervical dilation at which the mother felt a strong physical pushing reflex, the fetal head had both descended to at least the +1 level in the pelvis and turned to the occiput anterior position, and uterine contractions were at least 30 mmHg. For the control group, the physician instructed mothers to begin pushing after full cervical dilation at the point when the fetal head was in the occiput anterior position and uterine contractions were at least 30 mmHg.

本研究目的在探讨初产妇女第二产程立即用力与延迟用力对产后疲惫及生产结果的影响，收案对象为怀孕38-42周初产妇女、待产期间未施打硬脊膜外麻醉，且怀孕期间无任何合并症，於待产期间向其解释研究目的及收案方法后予以收案，采类实验设计法，以方便取样并依个案之意愿分派於实验组及控制组，实验组於子宫颈完全扩张后等到强烈想用力的感觉、胎头位到达坐骨棘连线下1公分以下、胎头位置转到枕前位、子宫收缩规律强度至少30mmHg才教导向下用力；控制组於子宫颈完全扩张后即教导向下用力，共收案72位。

Results 5 cases of ependymocytoma, 3 cases of astrocytoma, 1 medulloblastoma hemangioblastoma in 10 cases of intra-medullary tumor; 36 cases of neurogenic tumor, 11 cases of spinal meningioma in 47 cases of subdural extramedullary tumor; 2 cases of neurogenic tumor strided over scleromeninx;2 cases of extradural metastatic tumor, 1 cestodiasis, 2 cases of epidural hematoma, which were mistaken for hemangioma before surgical operation and 1 vascular malformation in 4 cases of intraspinal nontumorous occupying lesion.

结果：10例髓内肿瘤中，室管膜瘤5例；星形细胞瘤3例；血管母细胞瘤1例；成神经管细胞瘤1例。47例脊髓外硬膜下肿瘤中，神经源性肿瘤36例；脊膜瘤11例。2例跨硬膜内外生长的神经源性肿瘤2例。硬膜外的转移瘤2例。4例椎管内非肿瘤性占位性病变中，椎管内绦虫病1例；硬膜外血肿2例，术前误为血管瘤；血管畸形1例。

Complications included 2 rod breakages and 3 intraoperative dural leaks.

并发症包括2例断棒和3例术中硬脊膜破裂。

In Japan, where the vast majority of women return to their mother's homes towards the end of their pregnancies and give birth whilst their husbands carry on with their normal day-to-day business the proportion of epidurals is less than 1 percent.

在日本，绝大多数妇女在怀孕后期回到她们自己的母亲家中并在那里生产，而她们的丈夫们则仍每天继续日常工作。生产中硬脊膜外麻醉的使用比例不足百分之一。

Surgical management included closure of breach in the dura mater, oversewing every layer of the wound, bed rest and compression dressing and so on.

采用修复硬脊膜裂口、严密缝合切口各层、卧床休息和伤口加压包扎等综合措施处理。

HWAP-1, when used in clinic dosages, have no obvious influence on the spirit, nerve, heart and blood vessel as well as respiration system of experimented animals in the general Pharmacological experiment.

在HWAP-1长期毒性实验中，解决了大鼠和比格犬硬脊膜外腔连续3个月用药的导管固定和抗感染问题。

Summary of Background Data. The effects of flexion and extension on spinal canal diameters and DCSA are well documented.

背景概述：屈曲和背伸体位对椎管直径和硬脊膜囊横断面积作用的研究较多。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。