硝化作用

Students should grasp the classification of the nitration reactions and its industrial application, the main nitration reagents and the nitration method, the classification of the sulfonation reactions, the function of sulfo group and its in the industrial application, sulfonating agents and its industrial application, the separation method for the sulfonated compounds, the widespread applicationof diazonium and the coupled reactions and its in the industry specially employed in the dyes and the pigments synthesis

掌握硝化反应的分类及其在工业上的应用。掌握主要的硝化试剂和硝化方法。掌握磺化反应得分类、磺酸基的作用及其在工业上的应用。掌握磺化剂其在工业上的应用。了解磺化物得分离方法。掌握重氮化及偶合反应及其在工业上特别是在染料和颜料合成中的广泛应用。

The inhibitory rate of DMHMP was lower than DCD when the same dosage added but higher than DCD while the added dosage of DMHMP was duplation of DCD.

当添加DMHMP的量与DCD相等时，其硝化抑制作用不如DCD，而当其添加量为DCD的2倍时，其硝化抑制效果明显优于DCD。

But the effluent ammonium in the anoxic reactor, where enough NO2 were present, was equal to the blank system, and no ammonium was converted to such nitrogen compounds as NO2- and N2 by Nitrosomonas eutropha using NO2 as electron acceptor, which maybe caused by lack of the function bacteria. There were two ANAMMOX reaction pathways in the one-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal system. One way was that after part of NH4+ was oxidized to NH2OH under aerobic conditions, NH2OH and NO2- were converted to N2O under anaerobic conditions, at last N2O was further converted to N2 which realized the nitrogen removal; Another way was that at first NO2- was reduced to NH2OH, NH2OH reacted with NH4+ to form N2H4, which was further converted to N2 subsequently, realizing the nitrogen removal.

结果表明：单级自养脱氮系统内6.72%的氨氮是通过吹脱等物化作用去除的，不超过6.02%的氨氮是通过传统硝化反硝化途径去除的，87.26%左右的氨氮是由自养脱氮途径去除的，自养脱氮反应起主要脱氮作用；在足够NO2存在且缺氧的条件下，单级自养脱氮系统内的出水氨氮浓度与空白反应器相当，NH4+并没有被亚硝化单胞菌以NO2为电子受体氧化为NO2-和N2等化合物而得以去除，可能是因为系统内不存在该代谢功能的亚硝化功能菌；单级自养脱氮系统内存在两条ANAMMOX反应途径：其中一条途径即NH4+在好氧条件下被氧化为NH2OH后，生成的NH2OH与系统内的NO2-在缺氧条件下被转化为N2O，N2O则进一步被转化为N2而实现氮的去除；另外一条途径即NO2-首先被还原为NH2OH，生成的NH2OH则与系统内的NH4+反应生成N2H4，N2H4继续被转化为N2而实现氮的去除。

The population distribution of physiological groups of bacteria,including ammonifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, nitrobacteria and nitroso bacteria, organic ph

用最大可能数法和平板计数法，于2002年1月～2003年3月对苏州河水体和底泥中的主要微生物功能菌群——包括有机磷分解菌、无机磷分解菌、氨化菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌等进行了生态调查，并分析探讨了它们在苏州河水生态系统中的作用。

The population distribution of physiological groups of bacteria,including ammonifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, nitrobacteria and nitroso bacteria, organic phosphate dissolving bacteria and inorganic phosphate dissolving bacteria in water body and sediment of Suzhou Creek are studied with MPN and flat account method from Jan. 2002 to Mar. 2003. The role of these physiological groups of bacteria in Suzhou Creek aquatic ecosystem is discussed.

用最大可能数法和平板计数法，于2002年1月～2003年3月对苏州河水体和底泥中的主要微生物功能菌群——包括有机磷分解菌、无机磷分解菌、氨化菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌等进行了生态调查，并分析探讨了它们在苏州河水生态系统中的作用。

Denitrification gradually took over methanogenesis to become the main reaction responsible for decomposition of MSW, while nitrogen gas was generated instead. Additionally, owing to long term exposure of nitrified leachate to MSW, the bacterial structure of landfill was changed.

在此过程中，反硝化逐渐代替产甲烷作用成为填埋场内垃圾降解的主要反应，产生气体以氮气为主，而非甲烷；硝化渗滤液与垃圾的长期作用也改变了填埋场的菌群结构。

The use of the phosphorus uptake and denltrification of PAOs under anoxic conditions for the realization of the simultaneous removal of nltrogen and phosphorus is a method with practical prospect for munic－ipal sewage treatment,and the establishment of the mathematical models of denitrlfication and dephosphorization by activated-sludge process benefits the popularization and application of this technofogy.

利用聚磷菌在缺氧条件下的吸磷和反硝化作用，实现氮、磷的同时去除，是具有实用前景的城市污水处理方法，而建立活性污泥法脱氮、除磷的数学模型则有利于该项技术的推广应用。

The expression of one-dimensional mathematical model of vertical migration of ammonia in the CRI system is:The parameters in the CRI model are determined as following: the retardarce coefficient is determined by static isothermal absorption experiment, the velocity of sewage travel through the soil column is determined by permeability test, the vertical dispersion coefficient is determined by test the electric conductivity of tracer in the dispersion experiment, the rate of nitrification and denitrification is determined by test of Baps technology.

依据单一氨氮、硝氮配水条件下的试验结果，引入多孔介质的溶质运移理论及对流-弥散方程，考虑NH4+-N在CRI系统中的运移受到对流和水动力弥散作用的影响，并吸附-解吸、硝化与反硝化3个过程，首次将配水流经CRI土柱的孔隙水流速方程与CRI土柱内发生的、以氧为约束条件的硝化、反硝化过程联系起来，建立了CRI系统一维垂向氨氮运移转化数学模型，表达式为：研究分别通过静态等温吸附实验率定了模型方程中的阻滞系数、通过渗滤试验测定了土柱中的孔隙水流速、通过测定弥散试验中示踪剂的电导率确定了纵向弥散系数、通过气压过程分离技术测定了土柱中的总硝化与反硝化反应速率常数，最后通过测定土柱沿程氧化-还原电位的方法分析氨氮在CRI系统中的运移转化机理。

The isolated anaerobic ammonia oxidisers could carry out both anaerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification.

反之，所分离的ANAMMOX菌除了能进行ANAMMOX外，也能进行亚硝化作用。

At the same time, the rhizosphere is favourable to the nitrification, the rhizosphere effect R/S is about 4.5;②The loss rate of -N in 24 h in flooded and anaerobic incubation is 52%?

58％，占第10天的55％？71％，且表土层-N的消失率比底层土大；③参与同化反硝化作用的还原酶活性较强，在培养24h后，被还原的基质数量占加入基质数量的70％？

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了