硝化

The invention is to carry out heterotrophic nitrifying phenomenon from the biology angle by screening heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria and the technology is the condition precedent to carry out short-range self-synchronous nitration and denitrification.

本发明的目的是采用筛选异养硝化菌的方法，从生物学角度实现异养硝化现象，该技术是实现短程同步硝化反硝化的先决条件。

According to the above study results, especially the steady operation of two-sludge system（2A/O+N 2SBR）, it can be proved that denitrification and excess phosphorus uptake are relatively independent and intersectant biological processes. The overlap is that denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteriawhich possesses the two bacterial metabolisms, could utilize nitrate as an electron acceptor for phosphorus uptake. The two-sludge system can not only combined biological phosphorus removal and denitrification processes to form a process in practical wastwater treatment , but also solved the main difficulties of current single-sludge systems:①the sludge age competition between phosphorus removing bacteria and nitrifier;② the substrate competition between denitrification and dephosphatation.

以上的研究结果，尤其是时间序列的双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮系统工艺（2A/O+N 2SBR法）的稳定运行，不仅证明了生物脱氮与生物除磷是两个既相对独立又相互交叉的生理过程，其交叉点是同时拥有硝酸盐还原性和超量吸磷这两种生化特性的细菌进行的反硝化吸磷脱氮生化反应，而且双泥系统工艺克服了常规单泥生物脱氮除磷工艺的两大问题（①聚磷菌和硝化菌的SRT相互干扰；②反硝化与生物除磷竞争VFA），同时保证了脱氮和除磷效果，排水指标达到污水综合排水标准（GB8978-1996）的一级标准，具有实际工程使用价值。

After comparison of various process, a optimum process—ANIS process can be drawn; A autotrophic denitrifying process is successfully started up and stable operated; ANIS nitrous nitrifying process and autotrophic denitrifying process are joining-up in series to operate, and sound nitrogen removal effect can be achieved.

本论文广泛研究了各类C/N均小于1、甚至低至0.5以下的低、中、高氨氮浓度废水进行亚硝化处理的效果，综合比较了各种不同的处理工艺，得出了最佳工艺——ANIS工艺和运行条件；成功启动并稳定运行了自养反亚硝化系统，并将ANIS亚硝化工艺和自养反亚硝化工艺串连运行，取得了良好的脱氮效果。

The invention discloses a disposing method of ammonia nitrogen waste water in the effluent disposal technological domain, which is characterized by the following: sieving heterotrophic nitrobacteria and aerobic denitrobacteria with stronger environment adaptive ability to nitrate and denitrate simultaneously; constructing mud nitrated and denitrated system to dispose waste water with nitrogen simultaneously to satisfy different DO densities.

为了解决同步硝化反硝化过程中菌种来源不明，调控困难，硝化和反硝化对DO浓度要求不同，在实际工程中难以实现同步硝化反硝化，本发明筛选出对环境有较强适应能力的异养硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌，采用异养硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌构建同步硝化反硝化污泥体系处理含氮废水，具有投资少，费用低，处理效果好，不仅去除废水中的氨氮，而且对总氮也有较高的去除率。

To assess the thermal contribution from oxidation reaction, the standard formation enthalpes of all reactants and products were used to calculate the oxidation enthalpies. It could be found that all oxidation reactions were exothermic. And oxidation played a more important role during the toluene trinitration at high temperature, because the reaction temperature of toluene trinitration is the higher than mononitration and dinitration, and the temperature coefficient of oxidation is higher than that of trinitration too.

为了考察不同阶段氧化副反应对反应放热的贡献，用反应物和产物的标准生成焓推得氧化反应的理论反应热，计算结果表明，各段硝化的氧化副反应均为放热反应，其中三段硝化反应由于反应温度最高，氧化反应的温度系数比硝化反应高，故氧化副反应对三段硝化影响最大。

Experimental results showed that, in this process, the optimal pH of the shortcut nitrification was 8.0～8.5; when the pH was less than 6,the nitrification is completely inhibited; when the pH was 6～7, at the end of aeration, the Nitrobacteria become the dominant bacteria because of the dropping of the free ammonia concentration. It is known to all, the activity of the Nitrobacteria and Nitrosomonas was affected by FA concentration, so nitrification was affected by FA concentration. According to the author's research results, the FA concentration which inhibit the Nitrobacteria was below 1.0mg/L,which inhibit the Nitrosomonas was above 10mg/L.

实验研究结果表明：本工艺中，短程硝化反应的最佳pH值在8.0～8.5之间，当pH小于6时，整个硝化反应都会受到抑制，当pH在6～7之间时，随着游离氨浓度的降低，在曝气后期，硝化菌将会占据优势；FA浓度对短程硝化反应的影响是通过对亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌的抑制来实现的，在本研究条件下，游离氨对亚硝酸菌的抑制浓度在10mg/L以上，对硝酸菌的抑制浓度在1.0mg/L以下；温度对短程硝化反应的影响是双重的，既影响微生物的生理活性，又影响FA浓度。

When studying simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membranebioreactor,it was foud that the concentration of DO was a key factor and the influence of C/N,pH value and temperature were unconspicuous.

在研究同步硝化反硝化作用时发现，C／N、pH值和温度对同步硝化反硝化作用无影响，DO是影响系统同步硝化反硝化的关键因素。

Among them, nitrate-sulfuric acid system with higher nitrating activity can get high yields at mild condition in the nitration of deactivated aromatic compounds and could be used in the laboratory and industrial applications.

其中，硝酸盐/硫酸体系具有较强的硝化能力，对于钝化芳环，可以在温和条件下以高收率得到硝化产物，在实验室制备或工业应用中具有较高的应用价值；其他硝化方法由于各种原因暂时不能对钝化程度较高的芳环进行硝化，还需进一步研究具有较高活性的硝化体系。

The green synthesis of nitrate esters using dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) as nitrating agent was briefly summarized.

评述了N2O5为硝化剂制备硝酸酯类含能材料的绿色合成技术，分析了N2O5-有机溶剂硝化、N2O5-固体载体硝化和引入保护基硝化等三种体系工艺的过程和特点，展望了各硝化体系的发展前景。

The expression of one-dimensional mathematical model of vertical migration of ammonia in the CRI system is:The parameters in the CRI model are determined as following: the retardarce coefficient is determined by static isothermal absorption experiment, the velocity of sewage travel through the soil column is determined by permeability test, the vertical dispersion coefficient is determined by test the electric conductivity of tracer in the dispersion experiment, the rate of nitrification and denitrification is determined by test of Baps technology.

依据单一氨氮、硝氮配水条件下的试验结果，引入多孔介质的溶质运移理论及对流-弥散方程，考虑NH4+-N在CRI系统中的运移受到对流和水动力弥散作用的影响，并吸附-解吸、硝化与反硝化3个过程，首次将配水流经CRI土柱的孔隙水流速方程与CRI土柱内发生的、以氧为约束条件的硝化、反硝化过程联系起来，建立了CRI系统一维垂向氨氮运移转化数学模型，表达式为：研究分别通过静态等温吸附实验率定了模型方程中的阻滞系数、通过渗滤试验测定了土柱中的孔隙水流速、通过测定弥散试验中示踪剂的电导率确定了纵向弥散系数、通过气压过程分离技术测定了土柱中的总硝化与反硝化反应速率常数，最后通过测定土柱沿程氧化-还原电位的方法分析氨氮在CRI系统中的运移转化机理。

The medicinal plant resources of Gentianaceae in Sichuan Province.

四川省龙胆科药用植物资源。

"Some fortuneteller," scoffed the man, I'm the father of THREE children.

" "一些算命"，嘲笑他，"我的父亲有三个孩子。