破坏荷载

Firstly,according to the mechanical properties of soft clays and the traffic load induced dynamic deviator stress ,the static failure deviator stress was determined.

首先通过确定车辆荷载引起的动偏应力和土层的力学指标计算出静力破坏偏应力，然后通过考虑土物理力学性质、循环荷载次数的累积变形公式计算软土地基中各土层在车辆荷载作用下引起的残余累积应变，最后用分层总和法计算总沉降。

Secondly this dissertation made the statistical analysis of brittle ice load, and results showed that there was a greater variance of ice load during slow ice speed movement and a smaller variance of ice load during fast ice speed movement.

其次对冰脆性破坏时的荷载进行了统计，结果显示当冰速较慢时荷载的变化较大，而当冰速较快时荷载的变化较小。

Macro phenomenon is the macro representation of meso-phenomenon. In order to find out the mechanical transmutation of porous media under impacting loading, disclose the effect of fluid phase in the process of damage, post-damage and the liquation of the solid phases, it has significant meaning to establish a new model on meso-level with real separate phases to study the mechanics behavior and action mechanism between two phases.

宏观现象是细观现象的宏观体现，因此为了真正了解多孔介质在荷载作用下力学性质的演变过程，揭示液体相在多孔介质破坏、后破坏以及固相液化中的作用，很有必要从细观的角度建立具有真正意义上的独立相的模型，从细观角度分析多孔介质中两相介质在强动荷载下的力学行为，揭示两相介质间的作用机理。

It is embodied concretely:(1) With the adoption of grouting bolts, the cranny in wall rocks can be blocked up, the air can be isolated, the wall rocks can be prevented to be weatherized and make water, the strength of wall rocks can also be avoided to be lowered;(2) The lax broken wall rocks are commentated to a whole by liquid after they were grouted and the rock"s strength is increased, so the wall rocks become a part of the support structure by using itself and become a whole with the original rock, and the roadway is made to keep stable but not easy to be broken;(3) The spray layer wall are filled with liquid after grouting, the stress is avoided to be concentrated because the load could be evenly acted on the spray layer and the support;(4) The pressure acted on the plank can be delivered to the two sidepieces and then to the bottom by reinforcing the sidepiece; At the same time, the concentration degree of loads acted on the motherboard can be weaken because of the enlargement of the combination arch"s thickness, as result, the rock"s stress is lowered and the heaving is alleviated;(5) The common bolt is made to be fixed the whole length after grouting, the layers are connected to a integral whole and bear the weight of loads, so the support structure"s unity is increased.

具体体现在：(1)采用注浆锚杆注浆，可以利用浆液封堵围岩裂隙，隔绝空气，防止围岩风化，且能防止淋水和渗水，避免围岩被水浸湿而降低围岩的本身强度及造成的巷道变形。(2)注浆后浆液将松散破碎的围岩胶结成整体，提高了岩体强度，实现利用围岩本身作为支护结构的一部分，且与原岩形成一个整体，使巷道保持稳定而不易产生破坏；(3)注浆后使得喷层壁后充填密实，保证荷载能均匀地作用在喷层和支护上，避免出现应力集中点而首先破坏；(4)注浆后使作用在顶板上的压力能有效地传递到两帮，通过对帮的加固，又能把荷载传递到底板；同时由于组合拱厚度的加大，这样又能减小作用在底板上的荷载集中度，从而减小底板岩石中的应力，减轻底臌；(5)注浆加固后能使普通端锚锚杆实现全长锚固，它们共同将多层组合拱连成一体，共同承载，提高了支护结构的整体性。

The primary studying works and characteristics:1 To summarize reinforcing theory of cement mixing pile composite foundation2 To analyze the primary mechanics characters and changing rules of cement mixing pile, based on analysis of test data both indoor and outdoor.3 To discuss siding frictional resistance, ending resistance, ultimate bearing capacity of simple mixing pile and effectiveness factor of grouped piles, loading ratio of soil between piles under cushion cap of grouped piles and stress ratio of pile and soil and so on, and use many computation method and experimentation method to ensure bearing capacity of mixing piles composite foundation.4 To point out and analyze eight sides flaws and problems of the bearing capacity calculation method of mixing pile compositefoundation which ensured by national and normative method/ formula.5 To apply test results of loading tests and a few settlement observation data, use gray theory to predicate ultimate bearing capacity of deep mixing piles, actual example demonstrate engaging between theoretical predicted value and actual value.6 To apply groovy layerwise summation method to discuss entity piles method, double foundation method, equivalent layerwise summation method and consolidation theoretical method and so on, especially by combination of engineering example, use FEM to calculate or discuss the settlement and changing rules of composite foundation.7 To discuss problems of critical length of composite foundation by combination of engineering example and numerical analysis method, and analyze the contrast of critical length between simple pile load and most area load of composite foundation, not only critical length of composite foundation is relative to modulus ratio between piles and soil, but also upside load distribution area of composite foundation.

主要的研究工作与特色为：(1)总结了水泥搅拌桩复合地基的加固原理；(2)在对室内外试验资料进行统计分析的基础上，系统分析了搅拌桩水泥土的主要力学特性及其变化规律；(3)探讨了搅拌单桩的侧摩阻力、端阻力、极限承载力及群桩效率系数、群桩承台下桩间土荷载分担比及桩土应力比等，提出用多种计算方法并结合试验方法来综合确定搅拌桩复合地基的承载力；(4)明确指出和分析了按国家有关规范的方法确定搅拌桩复合地基承载力所存在的八个方面的缺陷与问题；(5)利用过去没有加载至破坏阶段的载荷试验成果和较少的沉降观测数据，尝试了用灰色理论预测深层搅拌桩的极限承载力，实例表明理论预测值与实测值吻合较好；(6)在常规分层总和法的基础上，探讨了复合地基沉降计算的实体墩基法、双层地基法、等效作用分层总和法、固结理论法等，特别是结合工程实例，用有限元数值计算等方法计算和讨论了搅拌桩复合地基的沉降及其变化规律；(7)结合工程实例，用数值分析方法探讨了复合地基临界桩长的问题，指出和分析了单桩荷载下的临界桩长与复合地基大面积荷载下的临界桩长存在很大的差别，复合地基的临界桩长不仅与桩土模量比有关，而且与复合地基上部荷载分布面积有关。

When mixed into the same carbon fiber quantity is 1.0%, differ age material's AC impedance chart is discrepancy very much, along with to hydrate age's add, C-S-H gel isa great deal of form, the solution resistance at the concrete is gradually aggrandizement, the carbon fibre of here qua transmit electricity quality disperse would leading effect of conductance, along with the add of exterior load, the transmit electricity quality of concrete is almost nothing change, till breakage, resistance change rate tempestuousness add, and that the resistance change rate along with inside stress linearity add of corbon fibre concrete in elasticity phase, when near peak value load, resistance rate just gradually add, indicate the test sample would be about to breakage.

当碳纤维体积掺量同为1.0%时，不同龄期材料的交流阻抗谱相差很大，随着水化龄期的增长，C-S-H凝胶大量形成，水泥基材料中的溶液电阻逐渐增大，此时作为导电性分散相的碳纤维将起电导的主导作用。随着外部荷载的增加，基准水泥基材料的导电性几乎无变化，直到破坏时，电阻变化率剧烈增大，而碳纤维水泥基材料在弹性阶段其电阻变化率随内部应力线性增加，当接近峰值荷载时，电阻率才逐渐增大，预示试件即将破坏。

The research of this connection under monotonic and cyclic...

采用大型有限元通用软件模拟该种连接在单调荷载和周期荷载作用下的试验，研究了该连接在弯矩荷载作用下的破坏机理、做出了该连接的滞回曲线，并确定了滞回模型和模型参数，为研究半刚性连接钢框架在地震荷载作用下的性能提供理论依据和实验基础。

The experimental results show that: the failure mode of strengthened beam at elevated temperature can be classified as flexure failure mode or flexure-shear failure mode, and the failure mode of strengthened beam at high temperature may be different from that at room temperature; and although the load supported by the strengthened specimen is larger than that supported by the unstrengthened specimen, the fire resistance of the strengthened specimen is still larger than that of the unstrengthened specimen, due to the influence of fire insulation.

结果表明：高温下该类构件的破坏形态大致可分为受弯破坏和弯剪破坏两类，常温下发生弯曲破坏的加固构件有可能在高温下出现破坏形态的转变；虽然加固构件所承受的荷载明显大于未加固构件，前者由于防火涂料的保护，其耐火极限仍大于后者。

Test results show that (1) the failure modes of the strengthened beams at high temperature can be classified as a flexure failure mode and a flexure-shear one;(2) the flexure failure of the strengthened beams at room temperature may change at high temperature;(3) as compared with the unstrengthened beam, the strengthened beams with higher load are of stronger fire resistance due to the existence of fire coating; and (4) the increase of the strengthening ratio may result in the improvement of fire resistance and the change of failure mode.

结果表明：高温下该类构件的破坏形态大致可分为受弯破坏和弯剪破坏两类，常温下发生弯曲破坏的加固构件有可能在高温下出现破坏形态的转变；虽然加固构件所承受的荷载明显大于未加固构件，但由于防火涂料的保护，其耐火极限仍大于后者；碳纤维布加固量增加有可能导致加固构件的耐火极限延长，同时还可能涉及破坏形态的转变。

Through model test,it analyzes damage mode of adding batten plate under vertical load,strain relation of load with flexibility、load with steel bar and carbon cloth are given,it obtains dangerous section of span beam when researched damage mechanism,which make structure can reach prospective effect.

通过模型试验，对附加缀板式这种新型结构加固后在竖向荷载作用的破坏形式进行了分析，给出了荷载与挠度、荷载与钢筋及碳纤维应变的关系，并对结构破坏机理进行了研究，得出各跨梁的危险截面，使该结构达到了预期的加固效果。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。