研究工程

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

From the results of numerical simulation, distributing characters of stress and strain field of surrounding rock mass under gravity is analyzed, which presents the effect of quality of surrounding rock mass, construction order and interactions of adjacent underground runnels while being constructed simultaneously. Impact of interlayer shearing belts on surrounding rock mass stability of underground c

对工程区右岸地下引水洞室群的围岩稳定性进行系统研究，可以控制工程投资，提高施工质量和支护设计精度；分析评价洞室围岩的整体及局部稳定性，消除洞室稳定的潜在危害，对保证地下洞室的施工安全、围岩的长期稳定以及优化设计具有十分重大的工程实践意义。

The conception of and the basis on the term of post -processing engeneering undertaken after coal preparation is given in the paper and it cites some examples from practice of the post -processing engineering undertaken after coal preparation.

提出了&选煤后工程&的概念、基础，列举了&选煤后工程&实例，并提出了&选煤后工程&研究开发的意义与重点所在。

In light of the research situation on wheel loader and hydraulic excavator in China, a software package named KDOSCM was developed. This software package has functions of MBS kinematic analysis, dynamic analysis, optimization, motion simulation and static force analysis, and also was the first one in the field of Construction machinery in China.

最后，本篇针对国内在轮式装载机和液压挖掘机方面的研究状况，开发了一套可用于工程机械进行计算机辅助设计和分析的软件包KDOSCM，该软件包可进行工程机械的多体系统运动学分析、动力学分析、优化设计，运动仿真和静力分析，该软件包的研制在国内尚属首次，填补了国内工程机械领域的一项空白。

This reference to the project quality management experience at home and abroad, from the preparation of project quality management plan, quality assurance, quality control, three-pronged approach to improving the quality of management of construction projects the dynamic studies, the establishment of quality control management system.

本文参考国内外工程质量管理经验，从工程质量管理计划的编制、质量保证、质量控制等三个方面入手，对提高建筑工程项目的质量管理进行了动态研究，建立了质量控制管理体系。

Main points of the thesis are as follows:(1) The main function models and information relations between these models in the CAPP system in the integrated CAD/CAM project are explained, a new process plan design method is mentioned based on analyses of process plan design. This method is based on the process plan prototype, and develops the prototype little by little until the perfect process plan is completed, the prospect of this method is discussed;(2) The feature abstracting rules and methods are studied, a feature coding system is developed based on GT, all the defined feature models are described by the mathematical methods;(3) The integrated method of CAD/CAPP based on features is mentioned, this method defines a feature exchanging model, and develops an interface software to exchange design data into technology data base, this technology data base includes the design and technology information of the parts;(4) The process plan reasoning method based on features is created, this method uses Mycin algorithm to solve the reasoning of the feature process plan. A process plan making system is developed. In this system part process plan is made by the semi-intelligent method, this method uses the feature reasoning, feature process chain searching and man-computer talking together;(5) The main structure of the HOPE system is introduced, a shaft drawing and its process plan made by this system are shown, the data process problem in process drawing making is also discussed;(6) A new method of describing process rule is introduced, this method uses IfThen rules and neural nets weight values together to describe process rules, the BP algorithm is adopted in this method;(7) The optimal machining sequence problem of the process steps on the same fixturing is discussed, optimal algorithms SA is applied to solve this problem, the result shows that this method is more efficient than the traditional method;(8) All jobs in the thesis are summarized. In order to carry out the research in the future, some rational proposals are given.

全文论述的内容主要有下列几个方面：(1)较为系统地阐述了CAD／CAM一体化工程项目中CAPP系统的主要功能模块及其信息流程，在分析工艺设计过程的基础上，提出了基于特征原型的渐进式工艺设计方法，并探讨了该方法的应用前景；(2)研究了零件特征提取的原则和方法，在成组技术的基础上，开发了一套基于特征的分类编码系统，并在提取零件特征的基础上，定义了零件特征的数据模型，开发了基于轴类零件特征的参数化设计系统；(3)研究了基于特征的CAD／CAPP集成的方法，通过定义零件特征数据模型的存储结构，开发了将设计数据转换到工艺数据库中的接口程序，为后续的CAPP系统提供必要的零件形状和工艺信息；(4)研究了基于特征的工艺推理方法，将Mycin算法应用到工艺决策中，开发了基于特征的工艺推理及工艺方案生成系统，在系统中综合运用特征推理、特征加工工艺链查询及人机对话相结合的半智能化方法确定零件加工工艺；(5)介绍了整个HOPE系统的总体结构，通过运行HOPE系统绘出了一轴类零件的零件图，并生成了该零件的加工工艺方案，初步探讨了基于特征的工序图生成技术中数据处理问题；(6)研究了工艺设计过程中知识如何有效表示的问题，提出了将显式的IF-THEN规则表示与隐式神经网络权值表示相结合的工艺知识表示方法，并利用BP算法进行了工艺知识表示的初步研究；(7)研究了工艺设计过程中同一安装下工步优化排序问题，利用神经网络中基于模拟退火的理论来解决该工步优化排序问题，实践证明该方法较传统的算法具有更高的效率；(8)总结了本文所进行的研究工作，为今后进一步开展工作提出了较为合理的建议。

According to the four highway engineering geological subarea of the loess region, based on a great deal of indoor experiments and existing engineering data, the main physical and mechanical property index of each loess area were re-counted, and the district variational regulation of the loess physical and mechanical property were studied in order to get the characteristic parameter of the loess soil property index providing precious foundation data for the highway engineering construction of the loess region.

本文按照黄土地区的四个公路工程地质分区，以大量的室内试验和已有工程资料为基础，重新统计了各区黄土的主要物理力学性质指标，研究了黄土物理力学性质的区域变化规律，得出黄土土性指标的特征参数，为黄土地区的公路工程建设提供了宝贵的基础资料。

In the paper, Professor Zhao's historical course engaged in coral reef study and academic results are reviewed: he established the representative section for geological research on Quaternary coral reef, developed engineering geology research on coral reef, elaborated systematically landform development rules of coral reef in the South China Sea, uncovered certain paleo-oceanographical conditions and the new tectonic movement features, studied the historical climate recorded by lagoon of coral reef in the South China Sea and marine geography of coral reef for the first time, investigated comprehensively the only fringing reef of the seacoast of South China continent on western shore of Xuwen County, summarized initially the history of modern coral reef research in China.

文中回顾其从事珊瑚礁研究的历程，并评述其珊瑚礁研究的学术成果：建立了我国第四纪珊瑚礁地质研究的典型剖面；开拓了我国珊瑚礁工程地质研究；系统论述了南海珊瑚礁地貌发展规律，揭示了某些古海洋学状况和新构造运动性质；首次研究了南海珊瑚礁潟湖沉积记录的历史气候；首次进行了我国珊瑚礁区综合海洋地理学研究；较全面开展华南大陆沿岸唯一岸礁徐闻西岸珊瑚礁调查研究；初步总结了我国现代珊瑚礁研究史。

The different structures and diverse types of mountain stream diversion works which were developed in the recent several doz...

对近几十年来，日本研究开发的结构各异、类型多样的山溪取水工程的取水方式进行了介绍；对广泛应用于日本山区多沙性河流的栏栅式取水工程的结构特征、取水特点以及由栏栅式取水工程群与蓄水池构成的水资源开发利用模式进行了综合评述，为我国同类型山区的水资源开发利用提供参考。

Next, the paper carries out comparative analysis on Chinese government project procurement practice, than analyzes the problems and reasons arising produced in Chinese government project procurement practice, through the aspects of government project procurement market, default of project payment, tendering procurement, procurement procedure, and procurement institutions.

接着研究了我国政府工程采购实践，并从政府工程采购市场、拖欠工程款、招标采购、采购程序、采购机构等方面分析了我国政府工程采购实践中存在的问题及问题产生的根源。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！