研究地质

The conclusion of paper conclude two parts:1. the hand of the Geological Character(1) Shandong conclude six research plots: the hard magma rock plot, the hard sediment rock plot, the plain and riverway alluvium-proluvial plot, the alluvium strand plain plot, the bajada plot and the mountain front sedentary plot.(2) The span of physical and mechanical index is effected by the character of stratum and geological zone. The normal value of physical and mechanical index is not even. The coefficient of variation of synthesis is bigger than the coefficient of laminate. The coefficient of variation is divided into three level: dry density

为获得满意的成果，主要进行以下研究内容：分析研究山东省的地形地貌特征、地层岩性特征、地质构造特征、地下水特征、地质灾害特征及第四系分布特征等，全面系统地了解了山东省的区域地质特征；将山东省划分为两个研究区和六个研究亚区，给出各个研究亚区的工程地质特征和典型地层柱状图；根据山东省已建高速公路的工程勘察资料，统计分析3957个样本点，得到各研究区典型地层的地基承载力取值范围和9个物理力学指标的标准值；利用ARCVIEW和

Detailed studies are made as follows: Searching the key internal factors which can affects slope stability. According to the geological data which was gained by exploration investigation, establishing a geological model which can reflect rock mass characteristics;With analyzing the internal and exterior factors synthetically, the deformation and possible failure mechanism and mode of the cut slopes was confirmed which combines with stereoic projection and other techniques;The stabilities of the 14 high slopes are estimated synthetically by applicable design codes and guidelines. With the estimate result and some other analysis methods, the rock mass mechanical parameters of slope are identified;As a results, 14 high slopes fall into 4 categories based on rockmass characteristics and discontinuities. The stability and deformation of some typical slopes was analyzed with distinct element method by UDEC;The safety factor of some dangerous slopes are calculated by rigid limiting equilibrium method for coMParison.

首先着重研究影响边坡稳定性的内在因素，主要是通过地质勘探、测量、现场观测等手段取得研究区地质体的基础地质资料，建立起能够反映地质体结构特征的地质模型；随后综合分析潜在的内外部影响因素，并结合赤平投影对边坡可能的失稳模式或破坏机制作出判断；运用已有岩体质量分类方法对沿线14个高陡边坡稳定性进行初步的评价，并结合试验研究、经验判断、工程类比等手段确定了坡体的岩体力学参数；根据稳定性初步评价结果将研究区14个高陡边坡按开挖方式分为4大类，并利用离散元程序UDEC对各类典型高陡边坡进行了稳定性计算分析；对潜在危险边坡利用刚体极限平衡法求出了不同工况下的安全系数。

Prof. Ouyang, a cosmochemist and geochemist, was born in Jiangxi in 1935. He graduated from Beijing College of Geology and the Institute of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1956 and 1960 respectively. Prof. Ouyang has held a number of prominent positions in academic organizations.

欧阳自远院士，地球化学与天体化学家。1935年出生於江西吉安，1956年毕业於北京地质学院，1960年中国科学院地质研究所研究生毕业。1960至1966年在中国科学院地质研究所从事核子地质、陨石学和天体化学研究；1964至1978年，负责中国首次地下核子试验选场、模拟实验与地质综合研究。

According to the relevant datums and field investigations, the paper makes No. 316 national highway in South region as research region to analyze the conditions of inoculating disasters and slope s transform destruction model and draws such conclusions:(1)Many factors such as terrain, geomorphic, lithosome and solum character, geologic structure, neotectonic movement, rainfall condition, groundwater trait, anthropokinetic and so on influence on the study region, which make the geological disasters occurred frequently and generate enormous hazards.(2)The geological disasters have such distribution characteristics: terrain and tectonic make geological disasters development of osculating correlated property, relative concentrate property, packet property, periodic property and so on.

本文首先在搜集相关资料和野外调查的基础上，以陕南316国道公路为重点研究区，全面分析了研究区域内地质灾害的孕灾条件与斜坡变形破坏模式，得到了以下认识：(1)研究路段地质灾害的发生发展主要受控于区内地形地貌、岩土体特性、地质构造与新构造运动、降雨条件、地下水特征及人类工程活动等因素：(2)研究路段发育滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和危险斜坡等四种地质灾害，具有如下的分布特征：地势与构造对地质灾害发育的密切相关性、相对集中性、群发性、周期性等；(3)研究路段斜坡地质灾害主要有六种变形破坏模式分别为：顺层滑动破坏、蠕滑—拉裂变形破坏、弯曲—拉裂—剪断破坏、旋转式滑移—拉裂破坏、楔形体滑动破坏、堆积层沿基岩面的滑动破坏模式，而且斜坡灾害的变形破坏往往是多种模式的组合。

The universal research in microscopic tribological mechanism of contact, adhesion, friction, molecular-level solid-liquid interaction, tribochemistry, triboelectricity etc, in the interaction among goetmaterials or between goematerials and artificial materials during geomotion, were reviewed and analyzed.

2综述和分析了地质运动过程中普遍存在的微观摩擦机制如接触、粘着、分子级流体-固体相互作用、摩擦化学、摩擦电性等的研究概况，认为地质摩擦学的研究应具有宏观和微观两个层次，对地质运动的微观机制的研究将促进对地质材料的地球物理、化学和力学性质的研究，并有助于对各种尺度上的地质运动过程的理解

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的"瓶子模型"，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了"缝洞单元"的概念，并制定了"缝洞单元"纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对"缝洞单元"进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

In upper soil permeability deformation of dam base Geology condition, trait of soil permeability and filtration are studied overall system, firstly through engineering geology method, hydrotechnic design and numerical model technique are introduced to studying and the methods break localization of geology study in Dongpinghu reservoir dam.

本文是首次以地质工程研究的角度，对东平湖水库围坝的地质环境背景，土的渗透特性和渗流特征进行较为全面系统的研究。研究过程中借鉴和引入了水工设计的思想和数值模拟技术，突破了地质工作在东平湖水库围坝研究中仅仅是工程地质条件勘察的局限性。

The field survey, sampling, testing and collection of the geological and hydrogeological data were done for the description of evolutional geological structure and sedimentation and division and definition of water-bearing system and hydrogeological age and hydro-pressure system and study of the vadose field and chemical field. By establishing the rammer numerical model, the sandy mudstone thickness recovery model, water-rock interaction particle translative simulation and hydrogeochemical simulation, and using geological statistics, analogism and complex analysis method, water circulation and water exchange of each layer in each study stage have been researched, The results show the regularity of the vadose field evolution in different stages.

本项以野外调查、采样测试和搜集的地质、水文地质大量第一性资料为依据，在论述盆地的地质构造演化、沉积演化的基础上，以含水系统、水文地质期和水压系统类型的划分和定位为研究的切入点，渗流场、化学场为研究主线，通过建立压实数学模型、砂泥岩恢复厚度数学模型、水岩作用物质成分转移的实验模拟、水文地球化学模拟、地质统计法、类比法、综合分析法等方法，模拟计算了各研究层在各研究时期水循环特点和水交替强度，揭示了各研究层渗流场在地史进程中形成演化的规律性。

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的&瓶子模型&，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了&缝洞单元&的概念，并制定了&缝洞单元&纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对&缝洞单元&进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

This paper analyzes the difficulties faced by marine gas exploration in the western Sichuan Basin, and presents 6 directions for research, such as source rocks, reservoirs, preservation conditions, accumulation conditions, geologic theory of marine oil/gas reservoiring and methodologies for analysis and evaluation of petroleum geology in the western Sichuan Basin.

为此，对川西海相天然气勘探的难点进行了分析，并指出了包括：烃源-资源、储层、保存条件、聚集条件、川西海相油气成藏地质理论、川西海相油气地质分析评价方法技术系列等在内的6个科技攻关方向，总结出&强化盆地构造演化与恢复研究，重视油气成藏地质研究，加大基础地质研究投资力度，设立一批围绕海相油气成藏地质理论和地质分析评价方法技术系列的专项课题，不要大而全，强调专项攻关，各个击破&的技术对策，同时提出了开展13个专项研究的建议。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。