知情的

From the deontology, we can see the informed consent given to patients and subjects shows the respect for autonomy and person. From the teleology, the purpose of informed consent is to protect and promote the health of patients and subjects, which constitute their happiness.

从义务论上看，对病人或受试者实施知情同意是尊重其自主性、尊重人的表现，是医生或生物医学研究者应该履行的道德义务；从目的论上看，实施知情同意的目的是保护和促进病人或受试者的健康，健康作为善是他们的幸福所在。

The English rule of knowledge and approval has been considered most recently by the House of Lords in Wintle v Nye . The headnote in the report is instructive because it suggests two significant features of the rule :(1) That there are circumstances, e.g., a professional relationship, in which English law places an exceptionally heavy burden on a party to establish knowledge and approval;(2) In cases where the burden is imposed the court is to be vigilant and jealous in scrutinising all the circumstances.

上议院考虑知情和同意这些英国规则最近一次是在 Wintle v Nye 一案，汇报上的提要很有启发性，因为它提出了该规则的两个重要特征：(1)在某些情况下，如涉及专业关系而要证明知情和同意，英国法律要求其中一方履行的责任额外沉重；(2)凡案中某方负有证明知情和同意这个责任，法庭就得提高警觉，不厌烦琐仔细检查所有情节。

Base on the China's limit order-driven electronic trading system,such factors as the stock price,the depth of market,the probability of informed trading, the fluctuation of stock price,the impact of information and the imbalance of orders will all affect the implicit transaction cost.

4指令驱动制度下的股票市场，隐形交易成本和股价、市场深度、知情交易概率、股价波动、信息冲击与买卖指令的不平衡性密切相关，理论和实证表明：市场深度越大、知情交易概率越小、股价波动越小、信息对股价的冲击越小以及买卖指令的不平衡性程度越低，隐性交易成本就越小。

This doctoral dissertation, based on a detailed analysis of the problems involved in the implemntation of the principle of informed consent in China, attempts to prove its theoretical justifiability.

最后，论文得出结论：知情同意原则在非西方情境中遇到的挑战，其根本原因不在于文化根源上的差异，其实质仍在于对知情同意的理论辩护存在着偏差。

I don't know whether I was more bothered by the ignorance of the customers or by the company taking advantage of the ignorance of the customers, says Kehinde Powell, who worked during 2005 as a preparer at a Jackson Hewitt office in Columbus, Ohio.

我不知道我该因为客户的不知情而感到难过，还是该因为公司利用客户不知情来赚钱而感到难过 Kehinde Powell 说。

Ben is now 75 and, like Gene Abegg, 81, at Illinois National and Louie Vincenti, 73, at Wesco, continues daily to bring an almost passionately proprietary attitude to the business. This group of top managers must appear to an outsider to be an overreaction on our part to an OEO bulletin on age discrimination. While unorthodox, these relationships have been exceptionally rewarding, both financially and personally. It is a real pleasure to work with managers who enjoy coming to work each morning and, once there, instinctively and unerringly think like owners. We are associated with some of the very best.

Ben今年75岁，但与伊利诺国家银行81岁的Gene Abegg以及Wesco 73岁的Louie Vincenti一样，每天依旧为所领导的企业灌注无比的热情与活力，外界不知情的人还以为我们对于这群杰出的经理人有年龄上的特殊偏好，虽然极不寻常，但这样的关系实在是让我们受益良多，无论是在财务上或精神上都是如此，与这群"乐在其中"并以像老板一样心态每天认真经营公司的专业经理人在一起工作实在是一种享受。

Within the realm of principles in medical ethics, it is useful to distinguish heuristically the content principles (those expressing moral imperatives, such as benevolence, fairness, or cherishing dignity) from the procedural principles.

知情选择是医学伦理学的核心概念。如同知情同意，知情选择强调病患方是作为一个有着自由选择权的个体的积极参与。

To select the patients of hyperplasia of mammary glands whose age is from 18 to 50,and were diagnosed TCM discrimination as ChongRen imbalance,strongly fragrant stagnat phlegm congealing type.

选择年龄18岁至50岁，中医辨证为冲任失调、郁滞痰凝证所致的乳腺增生病病例为受试对象，知情同意，志愿受试并签署知情同意书。

Yet you doubtless know that, on the other hand, the authors of such assertions make for themselves much trouble and great difficulties over the unwitting man, who has yet failed to apprehend the fact that he has become wise, but does not know, and hesitates to believe, that his advancement, which has been effected by the gradual and long-continued process of divesting himself of some qualities and adding others, has, as walking brings one where he would be, imperceptibly and quietly brought him into virtue's company.

仍你无疑的知道那，另一方面，这样的主张的作者走向自己许多的烦恼和伟大的困难的结束不知情的男人，谁仍未能领会事实那他变成英明的，但是不知道，和犹豫到相信，那他的前进，哪个是结果在逐渐的和长的-继续的的过程剥夺一些质量的他自己和加其他的，，同样地步行拿来一个什么地方他would是，不可觉地和安静地带来他到德行's公司。

Ben is now 75 and, like Gene Abegg, 81, at Illinois National and Louie Vincenti, 73, at Wesco, continues daily to bring an almost passionately proprietary attitude to the business. This group of top managers must appear to an outsider to be an overreaction on our part to an OEO bulletin on age discrimination. While unorthodox, these relationships have been exceptionally rewarding, both financially and personally. It is a real pleasure to work with managers who enjoy coming to work each morning and, once there, instinctively and unerringly think like owners. We are associated with some of the very best.

Ben今年75岁，但与伊利诺国家银行81岁的Gene Abegg以及Wesco 73岁的Louie Vincenti一样，每天依旧为所领导的企业灌注无比的热情与活力，外界不知情的人还以为我们对于这群杰出的经理人有年龄上的特殊偏好，虽然极不寻常，但这样的关系实在是让我们受益良多，无论是在财务上或精神上都是如此，与这群&乐在其中&并以像老板一样心态每天认真经营公司的专业经理人在一起工作实在是一种享受。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。