矢量计算

The formulae were derived to calculate the spherical coordinates of any vector after the specimen was rotated any angles around any axis based on the homogenous coordinate theory. An example was put forward to show how to use the formulae to calculate the spherical coordinates of the crystal in the synchrotron radiation topographic analysis.

根据齐次坐标理论导出了单晶体绕样品台任意直线旋转任意角度后晶体中矢量坐标的计算公式，并以晶体同步辐射形貌分析的实例说明了如何利用此公式进行矢量计算。

The coordinate transformation and numerical integration was executed on the discretized tetrahedral elements based on which the 3-D MT vector-finite element method was implemented. A whole computation framework for 3-D vector-finite element method with unstructured mesh was given. Based on this some typical models were tested which has demonstrated that our algorithm could distinctively avoid problems caused by the fake solution and both the accuracy and efficiency were enhanced which made our algorithm has a bright future for further application.3. According to theory of Sobolev vector space and the discretization of Helmholtz space, the error estimate which was suitable for 3-D MT vector-finite element modeling was deduced by which the procedure of adaptive technique was guaranteed.4. Based on the fully unstructured tetrahedralization and optical strategy, the 3-D magnetotelluric h-adaptive vector-finite element method was presented through combining the error estimate. With this work, the accuracy and creditableness for 3-D MT complicatedly modeling was guaranteed.5. The 3-D magnetotelluric h-adaptive vector-finite element algorithm with unstructured mesh was implemented.

针对非结构化的四面体单元，采用坐标变换和数值积分方法，实现了MT三维矢量有限单元分析，建立起基于非结构化网格的三维MT矢量有限元计算流程，并对典型模型和国际标准电磁模型进行了数值模拟，结果对比和分析表明，基于非结构化网格的三维MT矢量有限元不仅消除了节点型有限元的伪解，而且具有很高的计算精度和速度，有广阔的应用前景。3、根据Sobolev函数的向量空间和Hemlholtz空间的分解，推导出基于残差的三维大地电磁矢量有限元后验误差估计公式，为三维大地电磁自适应矢量有限元数值模拟的实现奠定了基础。4、在完全非结构化四面体单元剖分及优化基础上，结合三维大地电磁矢量有限元后验误差估计公式，提出了基于非结构化网格的三维大地电磁h-型自适应矢量有限元计算策略，保证了对复杂大地电磁模型数值计算的精度和可靠性。5、实现了基于非结构化网格的三维大地电磁h-型自适应矢量有限元计算流程，对典型模型和国际标准电磁模型进行了数值模拟。

First,image structure vector field is derived from source luminance orthonormal vector sets. Andusing neighbor vectors to improve the weak gradient fields produces the structure vectorfield that is needed by LIC rendering. Then, LIC convolution step-length is adjustedaccording to local curvature in the structure vector field. LIC convolution length iscalculated according to the local statistical characteristics of the texture image. Finally, thealgorithm transfers the reference image\'s color characteristics to the rendering result tomake it full of rich color like oil paintings.

该算法通过计算源图像亮度分量的切矢量产生图像的结构矢量场，并对弱矢量区域进行邻域填充处理，获得LIC绘制所需的结构矢量场；然后，根据结构矢量场的局部曲率特征调整LIC的积分步长，并根据纹理参考图像的局部统计特征，自适应地改变LIC的积分长度；最后，将颜色传输算法引入LIC绘制结果，对绘制效果颜色进行渲染。

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

Calculate local up vector from right vector and normal value.

根据局部空间向右的矢量和法线矢量计算局部空间向上的矢量。

The computational methods of line element conic curve s tangent point decided by any line on projective plane is presented on the basis of this study.

从实际计算的角度出发，使用N矢量表示视平面上的点和直线，并由线素二次曲线的射影定义推导出线素二次曲线的N矢量方程；在此基础上，给出了射影平面上任意一条直线所确定的线素二次曲线切点的N矢量的计算方法。

On the basis of shock wave characteristic of the supersonic projectile and the detailed analysis of measured datas,a method of decomposing and reconstructing the trajectory shock wave signal and muzzle blast wave signal is proposed and the characteristic parameters for positioning sound source and calculating trajectory vector with regular tetrahedron detection array are extracted.

根据空气动力学原理，在阐述超音速弹丸的弹道波特性的基础上，通过详细分析实测的声信号，提出了弹道波信号和枪口冲击波信号的小波分解和重构方法，提取了利用正四面体探测基阵进行声源定位和弹道矢量计算的特征参数，获得了满意的实验结果。

The calculation equations for sliding direction,plane intersection points,area,volume,and safety of key blocks of slope are established by stereographic projection of vector and vector calculation.

利用全空间赤平投影和矢量计算对边坡关键块体滑动方向、结构面交点、面积、体积和安全性建立了计算方程。

The directional calculation methods of the string are also supplied on different drawing distribution cases, the segmentation of the adhered string between characters is also realized by calculating the feature vectors of the adhered local string block image and using the iteration approachment algorithm.

提出不同情况下字串的定向计算方法，通过粘连字块的特征矢量计算和迭代计算实现字块的分割。

The complexity of vector quantization is reduced by 76 percent by the replacement of calculating of the whole distortion with distortion of a part of components,using the interband correlation,the complexity of motion compensation is diminished considerably by the prediction of motion vector of the other subimages with the motion vector in the lowest frequency subimage.

利用子带间的相关性，通过同方向跨带矢量中部分低频系数分量间失真的计算代替整个失真的计算，将矢量量化器的计算复杂度降低了76‰；通过最低频子图像的运动矢量去预测其余子图像的位移矢量，极大地降低了运动补偿的复杂度。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。