瞳孔

The iris radius of 60 (93 eye) patients with early pupillary block primary angle closure glaucoma was measured with this method, it showed:(1) there was a statistically significant difference in iris radius between the patients with early stage primary pupillary block angle closure glaucoma and the normal subjucts (53 cases 106 eye) with the age matched group (P.01),(2) it is proved with the stepwise discriminatory analysis that the iris radius-the most significant bio-anatomic parameter of the anterior segment is usefull to diagnose early primary pupillary block angle closure glaucoma by stepwise discriminatory analysis.

本研究用此测量法测量了60例93只眼早期原发性瞳孔阻滞性闭角型青光眼的虹膜曲率半径，发现：（1）早期原发性瞳孔阻滞性闭角型青光眼患者的虹膜曲率半径小于同年龄正常人（53例106眼）的虹膜曲率半径，其差异具有显著性统计学意义（P.01）；（2）经多因素逐步判别分析证明本研究所提出的活体眼前节解剖学测量参数——虹膜曲率半径有助于原发性瞳孔阻滞性闭角型青光眼早期诊断。

Although 25 eyes presented with acute angle closure glaucoma, 6 eyes were insidious onset and asymptomatic. While 27 eyes relieved pupillary block after laser iridotomy or surgical peripheral iridectomy, 4 eyes required vitrectomy or laser photomydriasis to relieve pupillary block. Five eyes (16%) developed chronic angle closure glaucoma due to peripheral anterior synechia. one could be controlled by chronic medical therapy, three required trabeculectomy, the another one even required cyclocryotherapy because poor IOP control after trabeculectomy.

虽然大多数的病例（25只眼）以急性发作为临床表徵，但有6只眼为隐袭性，无任何临床症状。27只眼经雷射虹彩瞳孔术或外科周边虹彩切除术后可以解除瞳孔阻塞，另4只眼无法解除而需作玻璃体切除术或雷射光瞳孔放大术。5只眼(16%)因周边前黏连发生慢性隅角闭锁性青光眼，其中1只眼可以药物控制，3只眼需做小梁切除术，另1只眼做小梁切除术后眼压仍无法控制而接受睫状体冷冻治疗。

METHODS: Twentythree cases(28 eyes) of cataract with small pupil and serious synechia(23 eyes with obsolete iridocyclitis;5 eyes with eye injury) were operated by cutting pupillary collar continuously, then were performed phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation.

23例28眼小瞳孔白内障，其中23眼为陈旧性虹膜睫状体炎，5眼为眼外伤术后，术中用维纳斯剪沿瞳孔缘连续环形剪除部分瞳孔区虹膜，后常规进行白内障超声乳化及折叠人工晶状体手术。

Contusion can ciliary muscle, iris sphincter, pupil and the pupil to open major muscle paralysis sphincter tear to mydriasis Great.

挫伤可使睫状肌、瞳孔括约肌、瞳孔开大肌麻痹及瞳孔括约肌的撕裂使瞳孔散大。

The mechanism of photosensitivity and phototaxis was studied with optical andelectrophysiological method. The results are as follows:1 among three kinds of Chysopa peral. of the compound eyes show little daily change in Chrysopa sinica Tjedar .The model and color of psesudpopupil show significant daily change in Chrysopa septempzhbybimctata Wesmacl and Chrysopa formosa Brauer, color and diameter of the psesudpopupil of the compound eyes in Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmacl make rapid change at noon, afternoon ,night are similar ,but make little change in the morning and the next morning. Diameter of psesudpopupil of compound eyes is the biggest in the afternoon, which of Chrysopa formosa Brauer, is the biggest at noon.

本文应用光学及电生理学方法对棉铃虫优势种天敌—中华草蛉、大草蛉和丽草蛉3种草蛉的感光和趋光机制进行了研究，主要研究结果如下： 1、中华草蛉、大草蛉、丽草蛉复眼伪瞳孔大小、颜色昼夜间有节律性变化，且种间具有不同的变化模式。3种草蛉中，中华草蛉复伪瞳孔大小昼夜节律变化不明显，其模式和颜色上亦基本无变化，中间为一小黑点，其外围是绿色，最外层为红色，形状为正六边形：大草蛉、丽草蛉的复眼伪瞳孔大小昼夜间不同，大草蛉的复眼伪瞳孔在中午、下午、晚上变大，早晨和次日早晨基本一致，但次日早晨稍小些。

Measurements of pupil diameter with the Colvard pupillometer correlated best with measurements taken by the Procyon pupillometer under standardized mesopic-low light conditions.

结果显示：用Colvard瞳孔测量仪测得的瞳孔直径与Procyon瞳孔测量仪测得的结果有最好的相关性。

There was no significant difference of higher order wavefront aberrations between emmetropic and ametropic eyes. Comparing the age of 40 years or less with the age over 40 years, there were significant differences in RMS3 between the two under 7 mm pupil size, and statistical diffenences in RMS6 and RMSh between the two under 4 mm pupil size.

除第2阶像差均方根(RMS2)以外，正视眼及近视眼各阶像差平均RMS值在7 mm与4 mm瞳孔下，差异均无统计学意义。40岁及以下者与40岁以上者相比，在7 mm瞳孔时，两者第3阶像差均方根(RMS3)差异有统计学意义；而在4 mm瞳孔时，两者第6阶像差均方根(RMS6)及高阶像差均方根差异均有统计学意义。

"Apraclonidine, a selective alpha-2-agonist, was developed to lower intraocular pressure and minimize the systemic side effects associated with the use of its parent drug, clonidine," write Patrick Watts, MBBS, MS, from the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff, United Kingdom, and colleagues."An investigation of the site of action of apraclonidine incidentally uncovered a reversal of anisocoria in patients with absent sympathetic innervation of one pupil due to its alpha-1-effect on a pupil with denervation supersensitivity.... The easy availability of apraclonidine, its mild alpha-1-agonist activity, and its hitherto benign safety profile has encouraged its use as a first-line drug in the diagnosis of oculosympathetic paralysis."

英国加地夫市威尔斯大学附设医院的外科学硕士Patrick Watts及研究同仁指出，Apraclonidine是一种选择性的α-2-拮抗剂，是用来降低眼内压，并减少其母系药物降保适使用上的相关全身性副作用；在一项针对apraclonidine作用位置的研究中，因其单侧瞳孔神经切除之α-1-效应，而附带提出单侧瞳孔无交感神经支配患者之瞳孔大小不等为可逆转，apraclonidine之高可利用率，其轻微的α-1-拮抗活性，以及迄今良好的用药安全档案，更强化其作为视交感神经瘫痪诊断第一线药物的使用率。

Methods 186 cases (227 eyes) of cataract with small adhesive pupil had undergone phacoemulsification. Firstly the anterior and posterior synechia were separated by viscoelastic agent and IOL adjusting hook or iris hook. Or the pupil was enlarged by capsule scissors.

对186例（227眼）小瞳孔白内障施行晶状体超声乳化术中先以人工晶状体分离虹膜前后粘连，应用黏障剂及人工晶状体调位钩或用虹膜拉钩开大瞳孔，或以晶状体囊剪开人瞳孔以完成超声乳化联合人「晶状体植入手术。

Cutting pupillary collar continuously seems to be a simple and safe method for phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation in cataract with small pupil and serious synechia. The method has slight postoperative reaction and fewer complications. The method also allows the pupil to return to its normal or nearnormal shape, and its function after operation.

对于严重粘连小瞳孔白内障采用瞳孔缘连续环形剪除后再行白内障超声乳化及折叠人工晶状体植入术，方法简单，术中操作顺利，术后瞳孔形态正常或近于正常、光反射存在，眼前节反应轻，是一种较好的手术方式。

By the time of its fall, most of the prisoners were writers who had written against the corruptions of the government.

到它被攻陷的时候，里面多数的犯人是写了反对政府贪污文章的作家。

The most obvious variation to ovum morphological character was that the color was changed from light green to sepiaceous in embryonic development, and all the ovums were almost hatched after 96h.

在胚胎发育过程中卵的形态特征最明显的变化是颜色从淡绿到深褐色，卵在发育96h后卵基本全部孵化。