瞬时的

As the complete characteristic curves of reversible pump turbine are often used to calculate the instantaneous parameters, this paper studies the characteristic curve and the wicket closure and opening law in pumped storage plants.Chapter 1 presents the importance and the necessity of this study and reviews the previous related research on hydraulic transient process and valve regulation in pumped storage plants.Chapter 2 analyzes the six collected characteristic curves of reversible pumped turbine and studies their diversification from the point of view of specific speed. The six collected discharge and moment curves with maximum efficiency have been fitted to piecewise continuous curves. This curve-fitting procedure is listed.Chapter 3 takes Liyang Pumped storage plant as an example and analyzes the effect of different characteristic curves on regulation guarantee parameters and the variety of its trochoid during the same operation status.Chapter 4 takes three pumped storage plants with different heads as examples and studies the characteristic of coordinated closure with wicket gate and ball valve and its effect on dynamic pressure in the spiral case, inlet pressure in the draft tube and the rise of rotating speed.Chapter 5 summarizes this paper and point out what should be done in the future research.

由于在过渡过程分析计算中，需要频繁利用可逆式机组的全特性曲线推求机组的瞬时参数，所以本文就特性曲线及关闭规律问题进行了研究，其主要内容如下：第1章，指出本文研究的意义和目的，回顾前人对水力过渡过程、抽水蓄能电站及阀调节的研究成果，在此基础上提出本文的研究内容；第2章，针对收集到的六套特性曲线，从比转速的角度出发来研究可逆式机组特性曲线的变化规律；并对六套曲线的最高效率流量和力矩曲线进行分段拟合，得到各分段函数的具体形式，再通过举例说明最高效率曲线的拟合步骤；第3章，以溧阳抽水蓄能电站为实例，分析讨论不同比转速特性曲线对调保参数造成的影响及对于相同工况其轨迹线的变化；第4章，结合高、中、低三水头段抽水蓄能电站，在导叶直线关闭的基础上，研究导叶与球阀协联关闭规律的特点及对蜗壳动水压力、尾水管进口压力及转速上升造成的影响；第5章，总结全文，提出今后研究的重点和方向。

In this paper Ⅰ successfully applied these methods to fault diagnosis, and presenting some new innovative machinery fault diagnosis method; First Ⅰ present a new gear wornout fault diagnosis method, this method use the vibration signal's time-frequency attribute and instantaneous phase undulation to accurately detect gear's fault, and by comparing with the traditional frequency domain analysis method, this method reveals that many nonlinear and nonstationary characteristic exist in gear's vibration, this tell us that if we use frequency domain analysis method without pay attention to the signal's characteristic, we could get wrong diagnostic result; Then Ⅰ present a new bearing fault diagnosis method, this method use ATVFD and Hilbert transform to do envelop demodulation,Ⅰ analyze the envelop with time-frequency method and find out that this method is more accurate then traditional method.Ⅰ also explain that the modulation of the fault to the carrier wave may also be non-stationary and nonlinear; Finally Ⅰ present a cylinder pressure measurement method of diesel engine by means of vibration, cylinder pressure is an important parameter of diesel engine fault diagnosis, the pressure measuring is simplified a lot by this method,Ⅰ also use the ATVFD and time-frequency analysis to realize it.

本文中将上述理论方法成功地应用到故障诊断中去，提出了几点创新性的诊断方法；提出了一种齿轮磨损故障诊断的新方法，该方法利用振动信号能量的时频域分布特征与瞬时相位波动特征可以进行精确的齿轮故障诊断，并通过与传统的频域诊断方法的比较，揭示出齿轮振动中存在的明显的非线性与非平稳特征，说明了不加选择地利用频域分析方法进行齿轮故障诊断很可能会得到错误的诊断结果；提出了一种轴承故障诊断的新方法，该方法利用ATVFD分解与Hilbert变换进行包络解调，并对解调得到的包络信号进行时频域分析，可以实现更加准确轴承故障诊断，说明了故障对载波信号的调制往往也是非平稳与非线性的；提出了一种利用振动信号进行柴油机汽缸内压力检测的新方法，柴油机汽缸压力的变化是柴油机故障诊断的重要参数，利用振动方法可大大简化汽缸压力的检测过程，该方法也是综合利用ATVFD分解与时频域分析方法实现的。

Through the flue gas and air characteristic analysis in supercharged boiler,the results showed that the value of parameters would increase with the increase of fuel consumption.And volume heat load of the furnace, fuel consumption, heat change between flue gas and convective heating surface and evaporation value would increase with the increase of compression ratio.The heat calculation would be different because of dissimilar thermal calculation in the turbo-compressor when the boiler load was changed.As the boiler load increased,heat loss in the turbo-compressor would increase and the efficiency of the boiler would decrease.The results of the boiler start-up simulation showed that the time of start-up would decrease with the increase of flue consumption ,but instantaneous pressure amplitude would increase.Steam water"s dymamic diversification would be more complex than flue gas"s,and dynamic characters of their parameters would be changed due to different boiler load and disturbance variable,which was shown by results of the simulation when boiler load was changed.

通过分析增压锅炉内的空气、烟气参数特性，发现随着锅炉负荷的增加，空气和烟气的各项参数值都相应的增加；炉膛容积热负荷、锅炉的燃料负荷随着增压比的提高成比例增加；随着增压比的增大，烟气与对流受热面的换热增加，蒸发量随之增加；由于涡轮增压机组在不同负荷下的热力计算不同而造成增压锅炉在不同负荷下的热平衡计算的不同；锅炉增压机组的总的热损失随着锅炉负荷的增加而增加，而增压锅炉的热效率随着锅炉负荷的增加而减少；锅炉启动模拟仿真结果中发现，锅炉启动时燃料量增加，锅炉的启动时间就会减少，但是瞬时升压速度会增加；而动态负荷变化模拟仿真结果中发现，锅炉汽水侧的变化相比烟气侧更为复杂，且在不同负荷和不同扰动量下，烟气侧和汽水侧的重要参数动态特性是不同的。

The summary results are below:1. GUS expression under the driving of the BjCHI1 promoter (-1060/+17) was essentially undetectable in the young seedlings under normal growth conditions. GUS activity was first detected in the stigma of young flowers, peaked in the young siliques, and decreased when the siliques became older. No GUS expression was found in the mature siliques, seeds or root.2. The BjCHI1 promoter (-1060/+17) was inducible by NaCl, PEG, wounding and MeJA treatments. High levels of GUS expression were detected in the transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants after wounding, NaCl, PEG, and MeJA treatment, indicating that the BjCHI1 promoter responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.3. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of the BjCHI1 gene in B. juncea was inducible by PEG and NaCl.4. The transcription start site was determined by 5′-RACE, and was located at the 17th nucleotide upstream of the translation initiation codon of the BjCHI1 gene.5. A -805/+17 promoter fragment was enough to response to wounding and MeJA induction, which was proved in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. The 397 bp region between -805 and -409 of the BjCHI1 promoter contains a cis-acting element that is essential for the wounding and MeJA inducibility.6. The -695/-620 region was necessary but not sufficient to confer MeJA-responsive expression. A T/G-box locates in -353 play an important role in the expression of the BjCHI1 gene in response to MeJA treatment. The 76 bp region is coupled with the T/G-box to confer full MeJA-inducible transcription of the BjCHI1 gene.

主要结果如下：1、利用转基因拟南芥植株分析表明，正常生长条件下，BjCHI1启动子(-1060/+17)驱动GUS基因主要在花柱中表达，幼嫩的荚也有表达，并随着果荚的成熟而减弱，成熟的果荚、种子和根没有显示GUS活性。2、BjCHI1启动子(-1060/+17)能驱动GUS基因在转基因烟草和拟南芥中响应伤害的诱导，转基因拟南芥的分析还证明BjCHI1启动子也受MeJA、NaCl和PEG的诱导，证明BjCHI1启动子是一个伤害、MeJA、NaCl和PEG等生物和非生物因素诱导启动子。3、RT-PCR进一步证明芥菜中BjCHI1基因也受NaCl和PEG的诱导表达。4、5′-RACE法鉴定了BjCHI1启动子的转录起始位点，位于翻译起始位点ATG上游第17个碱基A.5、转基因烟草和拟南芥分析证明，-805/+17的启动子片段足以响应伤害和MeJA的诱导，-805和-409之间397 bp的启动子片段含有对伤害和MeJA诱导必要的元件。6、本明烟叶片瞬时表达系统分析证明，一段76 bp的序列(-695/-620)对BjCHI1启动子响应MeJA的诱导是必要的，但不足以响应MeJA的诱导，位于-353的T/G-box也参与MeJA的诱导。76 bp的序列(-695/-620)与T/G-box协同起作用，赋予BjCHI1启动子MeJA诱导性。

Based on the model calculation,an FAPP ventilation system was madein Beijing Poultry Breeding Company.Through running test and a series ofphysical and chemical characteristic measurement,the distribution of flowspeed in length,and breadth was given.The average temperatureand rel-ative humidity,the amplitude of T and RH per day of 30 days in winter,and instantaneous T and RH in 24 hours wre measured in FAPP house,com-paring house and outside,the result shew that FAPP ventilation system wassuperior to comparing house.The dust concentration and microrganism con-tent were also measured in the rearing piriod of poultry,the value in FAPPhouse was junior to comparing house.

在模拟结果的基础上，设计了一套FAPP通风系统并在北京市种禽公司原种后备场种雏舍进行了实际运行试验和一系列的理化特性参数的测试，试验给出的正压管道式送风舍纵轴方向及横截面上气流速度的分布规律与模拟结果相吻合；通过对FAPP舍、对照舍及舍外冬季30天的逐日平均温湿度、温湿度振幅以及24小时瞬时温湿度的测试分析，显示了FAPP通风系统在冬季通风中明显优于负压通风系统；在雏鸡全周期的饲养过程中还对舍内粉尘与微生物的含量进行了测试，FAPP舍的值明显低于对照舍，这一结果为FAPP通风系统的推广应用提供了实验依据。

In the second part of the paper, the sport techniques of the flight elements was analysised in-depth theoretically by the movement technical structure:①the giant swing was first analysised in mechanics by applying the Kane's method, the dynamic equation of 5-link multi-body model was established, and the computer simulation software of the giant swing on the high bar was developed.

其次，作为单杠上飞行动作系统性研究的另一主要方面，本论文对飞行动作一般技术结构中的各技术环节进行了深入的理论分析：①着重对飞行动作准备阶段的回环运动技术进行了动力学分析，主要采用了多体力学理论中的Kane方法，建立了5环节人体回环运动的动力学方程，并应用计算机数值仿真技术研制开发了用于回环运动动力学分析的数值仿真软件，进而以动作实例对回环运动进行了数值仿真与误差分析，其所得到的数值仿真结果能够满足对人体回环运动的动力学分析和仿真要求；②对于飞行动作的撒手技术环节，本论文从人体环节相对运动角度，来分析撒手时人体质心的运动以及撒手时角动量参数，并列举了几种飞行动作撒手技术的基本力学指标；③关于飞行动作的空中技术，论文在总结了空翻转体动力学机理的研究成果基础上，对人体空中运动定量化问题进行了一般性描述，并进一步应用刚体动力学理论，着重建立起了描述空翻与转体技术之间定量化的关系，讨论了空翻转体运动的稳定性及其运动模式的转换问题，它对于定量地评定空翻转体技术以及今后对空翻转体动作进行数值仿真都具有理论上和实践上的重要意义；④关于飞行动作再握技术环节，本论文避免了以再握瞬时性的力学参数指标来描述再握技术特征的简单化途径，提出以再握下摆与回环下摆相对比的方法来研究再握技术，并以飞行动作再握技术的具体实例进行了对比分析，表明再握下摆技术相比回环下摆技术有着相当的困难性和复杂性，运动员对再握下摆过程中各环节的相对运动实施有效的控制，是连接高难动作以及顺利流畅地完成成套动作的关键。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了