真菌的

The cold-shock treatment with ozonated water (ozone concentration 2 mg/L, dipping 5 min in the 1 ± 1 ℃cold water) reduced quantities of bacteria and funguses of winter-jujube, and decreased the rate of loss weight, and extended shelf-life of the fruit. By the ultrastructures of winter-jujube pericarp, cold-shock treatment with ozonated water could clean out the waxiness of crackle and lenticel, which is helpful for exchange of fruit internal CO2 and air, and inhibit accumulating of ethanol concentration.

臭氧水冷激处理(臭氧浓度为2mg/L，浸泡时间5min，水温1±1℃)可以明显降低冬枣表面细菌和真菌的数量，减少失重率，延缓冬枣硬度的下降，提高冬枣的货架期；从微观结构观察发现，臭氧水冷激处理可以清洗冬枣表皮裂缝和皮孔的蜡质，有助于枣果内部CO_2气体的排逸，从而延缓了冬枣的酒化；此外，冷激处理可以明显降低冬枣表面残留的农药：如马拉硫磷、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯农药的含量，提高枣果的食用安全性。

Nematicidal Activity to Different Nematodes of Basidiomycetes from Shenyang CHEN Li-jie, ZHANG Guo-dong, DUAN Yu-xi, LIU Bin, WANG Yuan-yuan (Plant Nematology Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China) Abstract: The 94 kinds wild macro-fungi of Basidiomycetes were collected from the east of Shenyang around mountains and Shenyang Agricultural University, China. The nematicidal activity of extraction for the fungi were tested with 5 speceies of nematode, including Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne incognita, Ditylenchus destructor, Aphelenchoides basseyi and Caenarhabditis sp..

沈阳地区大型真菌对不同种类线虫的毒力陈立杰，张国栋，段玉玺，刘彬，王媛媛(沈阳农业大学植物保护学院线虫学研究室，沈阳 110161)摘要：从沈阳市东部山区及沈阳农业大学周边环境采集到94种野生大型真菌，并将采集到的大型真菌制成浸提液，以胞囊线虫、根结线虫、腐烂茎线虫、水稻干尖线虫和小杆线虫为靶标，初步测定了大型野生真菌对5种不同种类线虫的活性作用。

As a result, some valuable taxonomicmethods, criteria and our viewpoints were concluded. The morphology ofthe sporus is the main identical base at species level, which include thecharacters of the shape, size, colour, septate and ornament of the wall etc,and some sporus with distinct variable are also useful at genus level.

孢子的特征(包括形状、大小、颜色、隔膜数和表面纹饰等)是种级分类的主要依据，一些形态差异较大的孢子可作为属的划分标准；其次，分生孢子梗的形态特征、产孢细胞的延伸方式及产孢方式也是主要的鉴别依据，对属级水平上该真菌的鉴别有重要意义；另外，培养特征及产孢表型可作为分类鉴定的必要、有益补充。

We detected the result with the chi square test and concluded that it has statistical significance (P.05). Conclusion The detection of 1-3-β-D glucosan in patients blood samples is a both effective and quick way to diagnose the fungal rhinosinusitis. The positive rate of the way is about 90%.

本研究共计对20例真菌性鼻窦炎(19例为真菌球型，1例为慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎)患者及5例对照组患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖进行检测，发现其中18例真菌性鼻窦炎患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量大于试剂盒的诊断标准10pg/ml，实验的阳性率为90%，血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖水平可以用于诊断真菌性鼻窦炎。

Result 1-3-β-D glucosan was found exceeding the diagnostic criteria (10pg/ml) of the kit in 18 cases of fungal rhinosinusitis; and it was found no more than 10pg/ml in all 5 cases of purely nasal septum deviation patients. One of the 18 cases of fungal rhinosinusitis patients is chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, and its level of 1-3-β-D glucosan reaches to 21.82 pg/ml. We compared the result of the study group to the control groups, and found that there is significant deviation beteen the two groups.

结果 经过实验检测20例真菌性鼻窦炎(19例为真菌球型，1例为慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎)及5例对照组患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量，可以发现其中18例真菌性鼻窦炎患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量大于试剂盒的诊断标准10pg/ml，其中一例慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量达到21.82pg/ml，2例真菌性鼻窦炎患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量小于10pg/ml，而对照组患者血浆中1-3-β-D葡聚糖的含量均小于10pg/ml，病例组与对照组间采用卡方检验测得卡方值为16.071，(P＜0.05)两组间有差异，有统计学意义。

But when we examined the structure of cultivar of D. huoshanense, endomycorhiza was founded unexpectedly. And in the wild type of D. huoshanense, fungi was also founded in its stems and leaves. So the author thought that endomycorhiza is not only located in the roots of Dendiobium plants, but also exists in other organs of plants, including stems, leaves. As plant produces seeds, mycorhiza could enter into the cells of seeds. When mature seeds germinate in media, the endomycorhiza enter into the roots of cultivar.

石斛属植物与真菌共生，根为菌根，作者在研究霍山石斛组织培养型结构时发现，组织培养苗的根部也分布有真菌，而且在野生霍山石斛的茎、叶中发现有真菌，作者因而指出，真菌并不是完全分布在根部，而是遍布于整个植物体，推测植物形成种子时，真菌进入种子，所以在组织培养时，真菌随着种子的萌发，进入植物体根部。

New antifungal agents have been developed over the past years based on the discovery of many new target sites of Candida albicands. For example, Echinocandins, aiming at the cell wall of Candida albicands, showed strong antifungal activities to fluconazole resistant candidas and fungal biofilm. Moreover, because β-glucan synthase does not exist on the cell membrane of mammalian cells, Echinocandins has a low toxicity and a promising clinical future. Though the mechanism of Histatin is not clear, it has strong activity not only on candida resistant of polyene and azole, but also to Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Cry ptococcus neoformans. Berberine and Ocimum gratissimum L. were also found to have prominent anti-fungi activities.

近年来相继提出了许多抗白念珠菌药物作用的新靶点并成功开发出一些活性强大，疗效确切的抗真菌药，如以真菌细胞壁为靶点开发出棘白菌素类药物卡泊芬净、米卡芬净等，该类药物主要抑制β-葡聚糖合成酶，体外对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌属及真菌生物被膜表现出强大的抗菌活性，又由于β-葡聚糖合成酶在哺乳类动物细胞内不存在，故具有高效低毒的临床效果，是一极具前途的新型抗真菌药；以真菌细胞膜为靶点开发出Histatin类药物，虽然作用机制目前还不完全明了，但其作用不同于临床常用的多烯类和氮唑类，并已经发现Histatin5对两性霉素B和氮唑类耐药的念珠菌有效，并且对非白念珠菌如光滑念珠菌、克柔氏念株菌、隐球菌等也有杀灭作用；通过对植物药物的研究发现黄连素和丁香罗勒Ocimum gratissimum L。

MTT assay FAK signaling pathway inhibitor genistein on human corneal epithelial cell cytotoxicity;RT-PCR detection of human corneal epithelial cells adhesion to fungus at different times,extracellular matrix protein including laminin,fibronectin,FN glass,Ⅳcollagen,transmembrane protein integrinαⅤ,integrinβ1(ITGβ1),as well as the FAK signaling pathway FAK1,FAK2 and Paxillin gene expression;Western blot detection of the signal transduction pathway adhesion-associated protein ITGβ1,FAK and PAX expression and the inhibition of genistein. Immunocytochemical method was used to observe the LN,FN and FAK expression in human corneal epithelial cells during interaction with the fungues;Laser scanning confocal microscope had a cell positioning on FN,FAK and PAX,observed the changing of the human corneal epithelial cytoskeleton after stimulated by fungues;Quantitatived by flow cytometry to detect of human corneal epithelial cells with PAX at ITGβ1 fungal expression after adhesion;Optical microscopy quantitied the fungues and human corneal epithelial cell adhesion and recorded to determination the integral optical density afrer adhesion;Scanning and transmitted electron microscope observed the changing of cell ultrastructure after fungues and human corneal epithelial cell adhesion.

第一部分真菌激活人角膜上皮细胞FAK信号转导通路的体外实验研究将三种常见致病真菌(白色念珠菌、烟曲霉菌和茄病镰刀菌)分别与人角膜上皮细胞共孵育，MTT法检测FAK信号通路抑制剂染料木黄酮的对人角膜上皮细胞的细胞毒性作用；RT-PCR检测真菌黏附人角膜上皮细胞后不同时间细胞外基质层连蛋白、纤连蛋白、玻连蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原、跨膜蛋白整合素αV、整合素β1(ITGβ1)，以及FAK信号通路中FAK1、FAK2和桩蛋白基因的表达情况；Western blot的方法检测黏附信号转导途径相关蛋白ITGβ1、FAK和PAX的表达，以及染料木黄酮对真菌刺激人角膜上皮细胞FAK信息通路活化的抑制作用；免疫细胞化学方法观察人角膜上皮细胞与真菌相互作用过程中LN、FN和FAK的表达；激光共聚焦显微镜对FN、FAK和PAX进行了细胞定位，并观察真菌刺激后人角膜上皮细胞骨架的变化；流式细胞仪定量检测人角膜上皮细胞ITGβ1与PAX在真菌黏附后表达的改变；光学显微镜观察真菌与人角膜上皮细胞黏附数量，记录并测定了黏附后积分光密度值OD扫描及投射电镜观察了真菌与人角膜上皮细胞黏附后，细胞超微结构的改变。

In recent years, were very many to ganoderma lucidum's chemical composition and the clinical function research, also gradually increased to ganoderma lucidum's germ cell spore for medicinal purposes value research.

近年来，对灵芝属真菌的化学成分及临床作用的颇多，对灵芝的生殖细胞孢子药用价值的研究也逐渐增加，随着研究的不断深入，研究工作者采用多种有效的对灵芝孢子进行破壁研究，笔者综述破壁灵芝孢子粉的研究近况。

In recent years, were very many to ganoderma lucidum's chemical composition and the clinical function research, also gradually increased to ganoderma lucidum's germ cell spore for medicinal purposes value research.

近年来，对灵芝属真菌的化学成分及临床作用的研究颇多，对灵芝的生殖细胞孢子药用价值的研究也逐渐增加，随着研究的不断深入，研究工作者采用多种有效的方法对灵芝孢子进行破壁研究，笔者综述破壁灵芝孢子粉的研究近况。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。