真菌共生

Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis between plants and fungi, and ectomycorrhiza is an important type of mycorrhiza.

菌根是一种植物营养根与土壤真菌形成的共生体，在自然界中分布广泛。

However, a successful plant-fungal endophyte interaction requires the fine tuning of antagonistic interactions, which implies the evolution of unique self-regulating mechanisms on both sides to maintain a mutualistic interaction.

但这种生理功能的实现有赖于双方精细的调控机制，表明宿主和真菌双方都进化形成特有的分子调控机制来维持这种互惠共生关系。

More than 80% terrestrial plants form mutualistic mycorrhizal symbionts with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which change the competitive interaction between plants and mediate their coexistence.

地球上80％以上的陆生植物都可与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF)形成菌根共生体，菌根可以改变植物之间的竞争关系、调节植物共存。

Ants are the most abundant and diverse animal species in subterranean ecosystem. They establish various complicated associations with other organisms, in which some ant groups form the oldest mutualism with fungi and become famous mycophagous insects.

蚂蚁是陆地生态系统中种类和数量最为丰富的动物类群，与其他许多物种都具有广泛而复杂的联系；其中一些类群与真菌形成古老的共生关系，成为著名的菌食性昆虫。

The origin of VA mycorrhizal symbiosis and the specialization of VAMF and pteridophytes were also discussed in this thesis.

本文还对VA菌根共生的起源和VA菌根真菌与宿主植物的专一性等问题进行了讨论。

Lichens, symbiotic organisms that combine fungi and algae, can be powerful weathering agents, secreting chemicals called chelates that work to break down rock.

地衣，共生有机体结合起来，真菌和藻类，可强大的风化力量，分泌的化学品的所谓螯合物的工作，打破岩石。

Mycorrhiza is an international journal devoted to research into mycorrhizas - the widest symbioses in nature, involving plants and a range of soil fungi world-wide.

菌根》杂志是国际性刊物，致力于菌根类生物（自然界中最广泛的共生体）研究，包括植物和土壤真菌。

Intracellular bacterial symbionts which transform amino acids occur in a number of insect groups, including aphids and cockroaches.

这种防御性互利共生的例子见于一些草和产生植物碱的真菌之间，以及许多种植物和蚂蚁之间。

Through observing of the ectomycorrhizal exterior forms and tissue sections, we found there were mantle of fungi tissue which enclosed the root, emanating hyphae of the rhizoplane, and the Hartig net which was formed by the hyphae between the epidermal and cortical cells.

035、044、GT005、LH008。通过6种外生菌根及其组织切片的观察，发现菌根根表具有外延菌丝和菌丝套，在细根皮层细胞间形成哈蒂氏网，证明这6种外生菌根真菌与白桦幼苗建立了共生关系。

The recent studies showed that most orchid mycorrhizae belong to Basidiomycota and Deuteromycotina fungi, and some belong to Ascomycota. There are two modes for the formation of orchid mycorrhizae, one is the infection of orchid seeds and the other is the infection of orchid radicles.

目前研究已知，感染兰科植物根部并能与之共生的真菌绝大多数属于担子菌门和半知菌门，也有部分属于子囊菌门；兰科菌根的形成可分为两种情况：一是对兰科植物种子的侵染；二是对成长新根的侵染。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失