真菌产生的

To study and know well the rudimentary knowledge and the basic techniques of modern Microbiology are demanded for Graduate students. The experiments including the principle and operation of phase contrast microscope and fluorescence microscope; Microphotography , the technique of photographic enlargement;Applications of polymerase chain reaction ; Construction, transformation and detection of plasmid in E.coli ; Infectivity of virus and its molecular detection ; The technique of protoplast fusion in filamentary fungi ; Induction and purification of β-galactosidase from E.coli and assay the enzyme activity; Detection of GC content and DNA-DNA hybridization in bacteria ; Production , extraction and detection of poly--hyduoxy butyrate from bacteria.

以实验教学为主，要求研究生学习和掌握一些现代微生物学研究所需的基本技术，内容包括：相差显微镜、荧光显微镜的使用和显微摄影技术，PCR技术的应用，细菌质粒的构建、转化及检测技术，病毒的侵染性及其分子检测技术，丝状真菌原生质体融合技术，大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶的分离及纯化及其动力学测定技术，细菌G+C mol%的测定及细菌DNA-DNA杂交技术和聚羟基丁酸产生菌的发酵、产物提取及检测技术等。

ABSTRACT: Random amplified polymorphic DNA was used in analysing the relationship among twenty-six speices of Amanita from Mangshan, Hunan. Of 40 primers, 6 ones generated reproducible RAPD profiles, and each one produced 1-10 bands. Two primers (OPG15 and OPH04) could differentiate 26 species of Amanita by its RAPD profiles. The similarity coefficients obtained from profiles generated by six primers among Amanita were about 20-60%. A dendrogram was constructed using average linkage clustering for clustering analysis. It indicated that there were two groups in 26 species and some species with ring and membranous volva clustered a group which coincided with morphological classification.

本文对采自湖南莽山的26种鹅膏菌属真菌进行了随机扩增多态性DNA分析，40个随机引物中筛选出扩增效果较好的6个引物，每个引物能产生1～10条DNA条带，获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态性OPG15、OPH04两个引物扩增的RAPD谱带能将26种鹅膏菌完全区分开来，通过6个引物的RAPD分析获得的平均相似性系数表明种与种之间的相关系数在20―60%之间，平均链锁聚类分析可将26种鹅膏菌分为二大类，且一些具菌环和苞状菌托的种类聚在一起，与形态分类基本相吻合。

San-Huang, so called Mesima in Japan and Korea, has been considered to be a traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine that was reported to be used as a stypti, both internally and externally, for treating uterine bleeding, and for blood in the urine. The modern researches proved that it is also an effective emmenogogue for amenorrhea and for treating leukorrhea. Extracts from hot water have been experimented to have antitumor and inhibit Sacroma 180 cancer cell abilities. The powdered fruiting body is taken in liquid or in pill form, and preparations can also be applied externally for pains in the abdominal region.

在传统的药用真菌中，桑黄在明代李时珍的「本草纲目」即有记载，性寒，味微苦，能利五脏，宣肠气，排毒气，压丹石，人热发，止血等，在中国及日本有长久的使用历史，现代化科学研究证实桑黄的热水抽出物具有抑制老鼠Sacroma 180肿瘤细胞及一般抗肿瘤的功能，治妇女月经不顺，提高免疫机能及强化T细胞能力，对癌症肿瘤切除后化疗的患者具有相乘的功效且长期服用并不会有任何副作用及毒性产生，这些证据显示「桑黄」确实具有开发潜力。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失