真菌

Myconrrhizal fungus infected the cortical cells and formed pelotons in the cells, after it penetrated the exodermal passage cells through velamen cells. It is interesting that strain AR-18 also penetrated exodermis from the cortical cell next to it, where mycelium grew vigorously and infected inner cortical cell, even a few mycelium penetrated endodermis while there was no mycelium in the fibrovascular bundles.

真菌AR-15与金钗石斛一起培养时，真菌菌丝与根被细胞密切接触并侵入根被细胞，也可通过侵入根毛进入根被细胞，由根被继续侵入外皮层通道细胞，进一步向皮层细胞侵染；部分根被真菌危害，根部组织内有大量真菌孢子和菌丝。

Nematicidal Activity to Different Nematodes of Basidiomycetes from Shenyang CHEN Li-jie, ZHANG Guo-dong, DUAN Yu-xi, LIU Bin, WANG Yuan-yuan (Plant Nematology Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China) Abstract: The 94 kinds wild macro-fungi of Basidiomycetes were collected from the east of Shenyang around mountains and Shenyang Agricultural University, China. The nematicidal activity of extraction for the fungi were tested with 5 speceies of nematode, including Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne incognita, Ditylenchus destructor, Aphelenchoides basseyi and Caenarhabditis sp..

沈阳地区大型真菌对不同种类线虫的毒力陈立杰，张国栋，段玉玺，刘彬，王媛媛(沈阳农业大学植物保护学院线虫学研究室，沈阳 110161)摘要：从沈阳市东部山区及沈阳农业大学周边环境采集到94种野生大型真菌，并将采集到的大型真菌制成浸提液，以胞囊线虫、根结线虫、腐烂茎线虫、水稻干尖线虫和小杆线虫为靶标，初步测定了大型野生真菌对5种不同种类线虫的活性作用。

Saprophytic fungi are fundamental to decomposition and energy flow of mangrove, additionally, their potential toxicity also exists. Pathogenic fungi have significant effects on mangrove survival, growth, and fitness. Endophytic fungi, the most prolific source of diverse bioactive compounds found among that of mangrove-associated fungi, are found in most species of mangroves.

其中腐生真菌对于红树林生态系统的降解和能量循环方面起着重要的作用，另外，它们也会产生一些毒素：寄生真菌对于红树林的存活，长势和健康程度起着重要的作用；而内生真菌分布于大部分红树之中，所产的活性物质是红树林真菌中最丰富的。

The study reveals that Shanxi Province is rich in entomogenous fungi diversity. About 72 species of 17 genera of fungi are believed exist in the province. Among the fungi collection, 63 species are collected from four national nature reserves in the province, 12 from six major forest areas and another 22 species from the area around Taiyuan. This respectively represents 64.9%, 12.4% and 22.7% of the species collection.

结果表明，山西省虫生真菌资源十分丰富， 10年共采集分离到虫生真菌17属72种，在山西省的四大国家级自然保护区、六大林区及太原等县市分别分离到虫生真菌63种、12种和22种，分别占分离到的山西省虫生真菌的64.9%、12.4%和22.7%。

New antifungal agents have been developed over the past years based on the discovery of many new target sites of Candida albicands. For example, Echinocandins, aiming at the cell wall of Candida albicands, showed strong antifungal activities to fluconazole resistant candidas and fungal biofilm. Moreover, because β-glucan synthase does not exist on the cell membrane of mammalian cells, Echinocandins has a low toxicity and a promising clinical future. Though the mechanism of Histatin is not clear, it has strong activity not only on candida resistant of polyene and azole, but also to Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Cry ptococcus neoformans. Berberine and Ocimum gratissimum L. were also found to have prominent anti-fungi activities.

近年来相继提出了许多抗白念珠菌药物作用的新靶点并成功开发出一些活性强大，疗效确切的抗真菌药，如以真菌细胞壁为靶点开发出棘白菌素类药物卡泊芬净、米卡芬净等，该类药物主要抑制β-葡聚糖合成酶，体外对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌属及真菌生物被膜表现出强大的抗菌活性，又由于β-葡聚糖合成酶在哺乳类动物细胞内不存在，故具有高效低毒的临床效果，是一极具前途的新型抗真菌药；以真菌细胞膜为靶点开发出Histatin类药物，虽然作用机制目前还不完全明了，但其作用不同于临床常用的多烯类和氮唑类，并已经发现Histatin5对两性霉素B和氮唑类耐药的念珠菌有效，并且对非白念珠菌如光滑念珠菌、克柔氏念株菌、隐球菌等也有杀灭作用；通过对植物药物的研究发现黄连素和丁香罗勒Ocimum gratissimum L。

The main subtypes of onychomycosis are distal lateral subungual onychomycosis, white superficial onychomycosis, proximal subungual onychomycosis, endonyx onychomycosis, and candidal onychomycosis.

甲真菌病的主要亚型是远端外侧甲下甲癣（康乐事务办事处或DSO），白色表面的甲真菌病，近端甲下甲真菌病的，endonyx甲真菌病和念珠菌甲癣。

A relationship between the frequency of occurrence and diversity of AM fungi and the elevation of the sampling sites for Swietenia macrophylla was observed. The elevation significantly affected the frequency of occurrence and diversity of Gigaspora and Scutellospora, but showed no significant influence to Glomus and Acaulospora.

通过对不同海拔高度Swietenia macrophylla根际AM真菌分布的分析表明，海拔高度显著影响着AM真菌的分布，Gigaspora属的真菌随海拔高度的增加显著升高，Scutellospora属的真菌则显著降低。

The universal primers of ITS1 and ITS4 for fungi were used in amplification of genomic rDNA sequences. A target fragment was obtained by ITS-PCR. Then, the fragment is cloned into the vector of pMD18-T before sequencing. The result of sequencing showed that the fragment is 692 bp in length. The results of Blast in Genbank and the analysis of fungal rDNA systemic development show that the relation between this fragment to the fungi of Sporisorium is closest, while the relation between it to the fungi of Ustilago is much far. It suggests that the name of Ustilago scitaminea for sugarcane smut isn't consistent to the result of rDNA systemic development analysis. It still needs more experiments to support this hypothesis.

用真菌rDNA序列分析的通用引物ITS1和ITS4，通过ITS-PCR得到目的片段，克隆在pMD18-T载体上后进行测序，结果显示该片段的长度为692 bp，与Genebank中已报道的真菌序列进行Blast和系统发育树分析，表明所获得的序列与Sporisorium属真菌具有更高的亲缘关系，而与Ustilago属真菌的亲缘关系较远，这与一直沿用的甘蔗黑穗病菌的命名似乎并不吻合，有待进行更多的研究以证实。

C. Ainsworth system (1983 ); In Chinese naming, the study use The name and glossary of fungi and The concourse of Chinese fungi which published by Chinese science publishing company.This study neatens and identifies 43 orders 103 families 302 species, they are included ascomycota and basidiomycota, there are 11 species are new records in the region.

Ainsworth等(1983年)的分类系统，真菌中文名主要引用科学出版社出版《真菌名词及名称》和《中国真菌总汇》中使用的中文名；对采集到的2062份大型真菌初步整理鉴定出包括子囊菌门和担子菌门的共43科、103属、302种。

According to depositions of nanostructured silica in plants and chemically synthesized nanostructured silica sprayed into leaves and physical properties of leaf conferred by silica depositions as well, the first step reaction of high-specific supramolecular recognition process of fungi spores and host surfaces is discussed. Nanostructured silica can alter leaf physical properties including topography and hydrophobicity and affect extracellular matrix release and formations of germ tube, appressorium and penetration peg.

初步揭示了纳米结构SiO〓与植物真菌病害发生的关系：从化学合成的纳米结构SiO〓在叶表的沉积以及沉积之后赋予植物叶片独特的物理学特性入手，详细研究了纳米结构SiO〓抑止真菌孢子和寄主表面的高度专一性的超分子识别过程的第一步反应，从而提出纳米结构SiO〓可能改变植物叶表面原有的拓扑结构和疏水等物理学特性，即形成特殊的双亲性表面，影响真菌胞外物质的释放和芽管、附着胞及侵染钉的形成，阻断真菌孢子早期的侵染过程，从而确定靶向的真菌病害的控制措施。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！