相等的

At the same time, the practical implementation of evolutionary algorithm is given in order that evolutionary algorithm is introduced into vector quantizer. In the fourth section the asymptotic theory of vector quantization is studied. Then the partial distortion theorem that when codebook size is large enough, each region of the partition makes an equal contribution to the distortion for an optimal quantizer, which is the key part of vector quantizer is obtained. Finally, the competitive learning algorithm based on the partial distortion theorem is proposed, which introduces the subdistortion of each region into the distortion measure to assure that the subdistortion of each region approximately equals to each other.

第四章详细研究矢量量化的渐近理论，然后得出了矢量量化器设计的核心部分——部分失真定理，当码本尺寸足够大且输出矢量的渐近概率密度与输入矢量的概率密度的幂成比例时，最优量化器划分的各个区域对该量化器的平均误差产生相同的影响，最后提出基于部分失真定理的竞争学习算法，它通过在误差测度中，引入与各区域相关的子误差以保证各区域的子误差近似相等，该算法实现较为简单，在一定程度上确保全局最优。

By this, I hope I shall be able to provide a more wezhaustive understanging of explanation, and, to construce the concept of explantion not as a logical one by distinguishing explanation from logical inference;(2) not as a psychological one by separating explanation from individual's psychological orientation;(3) not as an Ontic one by emphasizing the relevance of the questioner's and explainer's knowledge-states to explanation;(4) not as a relative one by holding that it is possible to get a non-pragamatic standard to differentiate batter explanations from worse ones.

通过对最新近的实用说明论的得失的详细分析，来探讨有关说明和说明论的一些基本问题，力求在这些探讨的基础上得到对说明的更全面的理解，使得说明概念（1）不是一个逻辑概念，避免将说明与逻辑推导相等同；（2）不是一个心理学概念，将说明与提问者和回答者的心理倾向相分离；（3）不是一个实体概念，强调说明与人们知识状态的密切关系以及（4）不是一个完全相对化了的概念，坚持可以在好的说明和差的说明之间找到某种标准。

Because the workpiece is in dynamic balance, the resultant moment acting on it should be zero. Introducing the moment from lapping tool and press head a moving differential equation is built. In this equation only workpiece rotating speed is unknown. It means that workpiece rotating speed can be got by this equation. Since there is a transcendental function in integral function of the equation an analytic result can not be got, only digital result can be got by a computer. Thus a change rule of workpiece rotating speed with lapping parameters is known, e.g. the radius of press disc ball socket, radius of press head ball, the distance between the workpiece rotating axis and lapping tool rotating axis, workpiece radius, modulus of elasticity of the press head and press disc, friction coefficients between the lapping tool and workpiece, and between the head and disc, pressure between the lapping tool and workpiece and pressure between the press head and press disc.

因工件处于动态平衡状态，其上所受到的来自于磨具和压头的力矩应相等，将二力矩表达式联立，建立工件运动微分方程，该方程中只有工件的旋转角速度是未知量，因此可以求出工件旋转角速度，但该方程积分式中含有超越函数，得不出解析解，只能通过计算机求出数值解，得出工件旋转角速度随各研磨参数的变化规律，如压盖球座半径、压头的球头半径、工件回转中心相对磨具回转中心的偏心距、工件半径、压头和压盖材料的弹性模量、磨具与工件间的摩擦系数、压头压盖间的摩擦系数、磨具与工件间的压强、压头压盖间的压力等。

Spikelets with 1 floret (very rarely 2), rachilla disarticulating above glumes, with penicillate extension lying against the palea; glumes subequal, usually slightly longer than the floret, rarely slightly shorter, membranous, 1–3-veined, apex acute or acuminate; floret callus bearded, hairs usually 1/3 as long up to about equaling floret; lemma thinly to firmly membranous,(3–)5-veined, dorsally awned or awnless, apex erose, denticulate or 2–4-toothed; awn geniculate or straight, its position varying from near base to near apex, usually inconspicuous, up to twice length of lemma but occasionally reduced to a subapical mucro or absent; palea 2/3 as long to subequaling lemma.

小穗具1小花(极少2)，高于颖片，具具毛撮的扩展对内稃躺脱节的小穗轴；通常，近等长的颖片稍长于那些小花，很少稍短，膜质，脉，先端锐尖或渐尖；作为长的可达的通常的公然反对的小花结茧，头发1/3大约等于小花；稀疏外稃到坚定膜，(3-)5－脉，背具芒或者啮蚀状的顶，或者2-4齿状的具小齿，awnless；芒膝曲或者直，作为近相等外稃的长时期的内稃2/3。

By systemic researching and simulating experiment, the text gains such results as follows,1. On the base of sufficiency research on the oil-gas hydrocarbon systemic chemistry composing and the physical chemistry characters, we traverse the mechanism of the paraffin's deposition. Then we consider that paraffin deposition is a complex process ofphysical chemistry, which includes more than one single mechanism.2. Traversing and comparing the literature in detail on different factors that has effect on paraffin deposition, the available experimental methods on paraffin deposition, prevention of paraffin deposition, and removing of the deposited paraffin on the spot.3. Ameliorated the laser equipment of solid particle inspecting system and the corresponding test methods. Determine WCT of dead oil and live oil from KS101 well under different pressure with this system. The result implies that dead oil has opposite regulation on paraffin deposition temperature to live oil.4. A vapor-liquid-solid envelop is drawn by superposition regular vapor-liquid envelop and WCT curve thereby explained that the departure and quick raising of the curve in the low temperature zone is caused by the appearance of paraffin in solid phase.5. Estimation is made to determine the depth of paraffin deposition in the well.

通过系统的研究和实验模拟，本文取得了以下研究成果：(1)在充分调研油气烃类体系的化学组成及其物理化学特征的基础上，详细研究了石蜡沉降的机理，认为石蜡沉积是一个复杂的物理化学过程，是多种机理共同作用的结果；(2)深入调研并综合阐述了影响石蜡固相沉积的各种主要因素，对目前国内外常用的有机固相沉积实验研究方法和现场清防蜡措施也做出详尽的描述，并加以对比评价；(3)改进了油气藏开发重点实验室自行研制组装的高温高压下测定固相沉积的激光装置和测试方法，并用该套设备测定出柯深101井的井口脱气油样和凝析气平衡油样不同压力下的析蜡点，实验结果表明，脱气油和平衡油析蜡规律相反；(4)将常规气-液两相相图和析蜡曲线叠加得到了气—液—固三相相图，从而解释了气-液两相等液量线在低温区域偏离正常并快速上翘是由于体系有石蜡固相出现；(5)利用实验测试的析蜡温度预测析蜡位置，表明只有在距井口465m油管以上会有蜡析出。

An unprintable secret behind the scenes; the cover-up for evil deeds),黑道日（凶日,an unlucky day,黑话(the secret jargon, the argot of criminals),黑货(stolen goods; smuggled goods ; opium),黑业,黑脸,黑心(black heart, evil heart; greed),黑道人物(a gangster; an underworld figure),黑店an inn which is run by thieves as a trap to steal, rob or even murder unwary travelers

等等。我们也常一竿子打落一船人地说"天下乌鸦一般黑"来暗示一群人都不是好东西。中文的"黑"是相等于英文的"black"；用作名词时，其字义为"黑，黑色；黑色颜料；黑墨水；黑人；黑衣；中心黑点；黑斑；污点"等等。当作形容词使用时，则除了"黑的，黑色的；黑人的；黑衣的"等义之外，还用于表示"暗淡的，阴郁的，沮丧的；险恶的，邪恶的；不吉利的"等。本文的讨论范围将只限于这些表示后者的字义及其用法。

Spikelets all alike, somewhat laterally compressed, with 1 to several fertile florets; rachilla usually disarticulating below each floret, occasionally strictly 3 florets with lower 2 staminate or barren and of different appearance from upper fertile floret, then disarticulating above glumes and florets falling together; glumes persistent, often equal to spikelet or at least longer than first floret, commonly membranous with broad, shining, hyaline margins; floret callus bearded; lemmas hyaline to leathery, 3- to several-veined ( Coleanthus 1-veined), apex entire or denticulate, awned from back, rarely awnless; awn usually geniculate with twisted column; palea hyaline, subequaling or much shorter than lemma.

全部一样的小穗，有点侧面压扁，具1到数个能育的小花；脱节的通常小穗轴在下面每小花，偶尔严格加雄蕊或者无意义的更低的2的3小花和上面肥沃小花的不同外表，然后脱节的上述颖片和小花结合起来；宿存的颖片，等于小穗或长于前小花，宽的膜质具，发亮，透明边缘的通常的至少的通常；公然反对的小花结茧；透明的外稃到革质，3-到数枚脉(Coleanthus 1脉)，先端全缘或具小齿，从背面，很少awnless那里具芒；用盘旋的柱子通常膝曲的芒；透明的内稃，近相等或者远短于外稃。

During storage, the reducing sugar content of chicory root increased rapidly then decreased guadually, non-reducing sugar content and protein content decreased gradually.

-2℃条件下贮藏的菊苣根中还原糖的含量在整个贮藏期间高于0℃条件下贮藏的菊苣根，而非还原糖的含量则低于0℃条件下贮藏的菊苣根，总糖在菊苣根的鲜重中的含量是0℃条件下贮藏的菊苣根高于-2℃条件下贮藏的菊苣根，总糖在两个贮藏温度下菊苣根的干重中的含量则是几乎相等。

We performed a simulative test, which confirms that wavelet analysis can separate annual wobble and Chandler wobble. Our results show that this method can be used in astronomical geodynamies effectively. This paper is divided into two parts. The first is about statistic characteristic of polar motion. Polar motion includes secular motion, long period fluctuations, Chandler wobble, annual wobble and high frequency wobble. The secular motion is 3.4mas/year and towards 760W meridian. Long period fluctuations have difference periods in x-axis and y-axis. They are 31.7-year and 24-year in x-axis and 28.5-year and 22.9-year in y-axis. These 2~? decades fluctuations have an amplitude of about 30 mas , and are very nearly linearly polarized, with the observed motion of pole being almost entirely along a line between 360E and 1440W. There is a 55.4-year wobble whose amplitude is 9 mas. The amplitude of the interannual fluctuations is about 4? mas. The amplitude of long period fluctuations decreased after 1970. The annual wobble is a steady wobble. It retrograde wobble is only 1/20 of prograde wobble in amplitude.

本文的工作主要分为两部分：第一部分是通过分析POLE97序列，我们对极移的统计特性有了一个较全面的认识，极移主要包括趋势项、长周期项、Chandler项、周年项和高频项：趋势项的方向是西经76°，速度为每年3.4mas；长周期项中Markowitz 项在X、Y两个方向有不同的周期，它们分别是：X方向的两个周期是31.7年和24 年，Y方向的两个周期为28.5年和22.9年它们叠加在一起是一个线偏振运动，最大振幅约为30mas，偏振方向在西经144°和东经36°之间；极移的长周期波动中还存在一个 55.4年周期的圆周运动，振幅约为9mas；十年尺度变化的振幅在4～6mas之间，在Y 方向十年尺度的成份比较多，它们的周期在X方向和Y方向不是对应的；从七十年代年开始长周期变化的振幅明显降低；周年项是一个振幅稳定的摆动，在X、Y两个方向的振幅略有差别，逆向运动振幅大约为顺向运动振幅的1/20；Chandler摆动的振幅自1900年以来经历了几次较大的变化，其中包括1915年和1955年两次极大值，振幅分别达到0&。25和0&。28，以及1925～1940期间小于0.09的过程，Chandler项在X、Y 两个方向的振幅几乎完全相等，其逆向运动振幅不到顺向运动振幅的1/50。

Based on the split window method, the classification of the ground land cover types, and the given spectral emissivities range in thermal infrared bands for each ground class and the fact that the actual land surface temperatures are the same for all thermal bands of MODIS, the land surface temperature were determined by means of maximum correlation and least square fit.

因此，本文在地表温度遥感定量反演的局地分裂窗算法的基础上，依据MODIS的多个热红外通道，其中的任意两个通道组合，通过分裂窗算法得到的地表温度都应该相等这样一个事实，在对地物进行分类的基础上，给定地物的波段比辐射率的范围，借助于两组温度之间的最大相关和最小方差，通过迭代的方式得到地表温度和分裂窗算法所使用的MODIS热红外通道的波段比辐射率。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷