相变

As the supplement of the solidification theory, the melting tamperatures of nanocrystals, the glass transition temperatures of nanosized glasses, the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric transsition temperatures and the solid phase transition temperatures as well as the corresponding hysteresis of different materials are calculated and determined. The effect of the pressure on phase transition temperatures and the binary solution nanophase equilibrium diagram is constructed.

作为凝固理论的补充，计算和测定了纳米晶体的熔化温度，纳米玻璃的玻璃转变温度以及铁磁与铁电居里转变温度，纳米晶体的固态相变温度以及相关的动力学滞后，压力对相变温度的影响，二元无限互溶固溶体的纳米相图。

From thermodynamic point of view a real phase transition process is irreversible and undergoes a series of non-equilibrium states.

根据非平衡热力学理论，实际的相变过程是经历一系列非平衡态的不可逆过程，它是在两相间化学势差Δμ驱动下实现的，在相变中，物质只可能从化学势高的一相向化学势低的一相转化。

Thirdly: A research into the calculation method of one typical mixed refrigerant cycle to liquefy the natural gas. This is the first time such work has been done in China.

在流程中，针对这两种物质处于相变、变组分、变流量的状态以及流程能量计算的需要，计算了它们的相平衡特性和焓熵值。

The phase transition temperature increases and the transition ranges tends to be broad when PNIPA brushes were substituted with P or P(NIPA-co-NVP) brushes obtained by the copolymerization of NIPA with AA and NVP, respectively. However, the phase transition is not obvious if adding excessive hydrophilic comonomer.

结果表明，纯PNIPA刷的相变温度在29℃~33℃之间，通过共聚所得的单一P或P(NIPA-co-NVP)刷均使相转变温度提高，转变区域拓宽，当亲水性共单体的量过多时会导致相变过程不明显。

Second, the morphology of martensitic variant of each orientation turns from thin to thick oblate spheroid, which corresponds to the parallel motion of the yield surfaces for different orientations in subsequent yielding. But when grains of each orientation have turned into martensitic phase, the corresponding forward transformation plastic yield surfaces vanish and vice versa.

二是每个取向的马氏体变体形貌从薄的扁旋转椭球体到厚旋转椭球体的长厚过程，对应于每个取向的相变塑性屈服面在后继屈服中平行移动，但当该取向的晶粒全部转变为马氏体后，所对应的正向相变塑性屈服面消失，反之亦然。

Formation of phase change micro-area can be achieved at focus of scan laser,and the area will increase with the increasing of scan power.

这是由于在激光的作用下形成了相变微区，随着扫描功率的增加，相变区域逐渐变大引起的。

Effect of austenitizing temperature and air cooling rate on microstructure and properties of the CFB/M steel;2. Discussion on the feasibility and economy of 1000MW ultra-supercritical direct air cooling unit;3. Metal transformation temperature under air cooling condition was actually measured.

实测了空冷条件下金属的温度，分析了相变潜热释放引起的温降速度变化规律，并通过冷却速度曲线畸变特征点对实际工况下的金属相变开始温度和结束温度以及相变持续时间进行了判定。

The phase transition characteristic of non-equilibrium TiNi alloy deformed by hot forge was studied with dilatometry. It was found that there are two kinds of completely different expansion curve when the alloy samples heating and cooling.

用膨胀法考察研究了热锻变形非平衡状态TiNi合金的相变特征，结果表明：热锻变形态TiNi合金有两类截然不同的膨胀曲线，第Ⅰ类在降温时膨胀，对应B2→M相变。

The effect of phase change temperature, heat fusion and thermal conductivity of the SSPCM on the average heat flux and energy storage ratio of the floor heating modular board was analyzed by simulation.

研究了定形相变材料的相变温度、相变潜热和导热系数变化对地板表面平均热流密度和蓄能比的影响；定形相变材料蓄能式采暖地板可在长时间内保持稳定的热流密度。

On the basis of analyzing the thermodynamic properties and cycle performance of pure refrigerants, the paper optimizes their concentration while screening NARMs used in wide variable-temperature heat source. The practical applications of NARMs, such as R22/R123, R123/R125 etc., are studied in geothermal heat pump, seawater heat pump, air dehumidification system and dual-evaporator domestic refrigerator. The results show that the NARMs can match the limitation of a pinch point at the air-side exit of heat exchanger, reduce the unreasonable heat transfer temperature difference, and improve the COP of system. The above conclusion is proved by measuring the cycle performance of R12, MP39 and R11/R22 in a two-evaporator experimental system.

其次，本文在工质热物性和变工况循环性能分析基础上，筛选和优化了适应外部大变温热源约束条件的非共沸混合工质及其浓度配比；讨论了相变温差较大的非共沸混合工质（如R22/R123、R123/R125等）在地热源供热热泵、海水源供热热泵、双门冰箱和热泵空气除湿的应用，计算分析表明制冷与热泵系统采用相变温差较大的非共沸混合工质有利于弱化传热过程的&窄点&的约束，减小传热过程中的不合理温差，提高系统COP值；通过建立双蒸发温度循环系统试验装置，对R12、R22/R11和R22/R152a/R124循环性能进行实验研究，结果与理论分析一致。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐