相变

The numerical simulation revealed the motion of phase interface into the phase change material under the first boundary condition.

为了开发高效的热能存储设备，本文提出了采用针翅管以强化相变蓄热设备传热的新结构，采用数值方法模拟了相变材料在该结构中融化的瞬态三维传热问题，得到了在第一类边界条件下相变材料融化过程的界面移动规律；并与光管相比，以说明针翅的强化传热作用。

The numerical simulation revealed the motion regularity of phase interface into the phase change material under the first boundary condition.

摘 要：为了开发高效的热能存储设备，提出了采用针翅管强化相变蓄热设备传热的新结构，采用数值方法模拟了相变材料在该结构中融化的瞬态三维传热问题，得到了在第一类边界条件下相变材料融化过程的界面移动规律；并与光管相比，说明针翅的强化传热作用。

Phase change materials investigation is the first step of developing a latent heat storage system and thus is always the focus in related research.

相变材料是开发相变储能系统的前提，因而相变材料的研究一直是这一领域中心课题之一。

The key points of research and development of latent heat storage are selection or compound of high effective phase change materials, and enhancement of the heat transfer performance of storage systems.

研究和开发利用相变储热的关键是选择或合成高效的相变材料和增强相变储热系统的传热性能。

The results showed that for 2Y-TZP materials, because of low stabilizer content and small critical transformation size, more tetragonal zirconia could change into monoclinal, better effect of transformation toughening operated, hence higher fracture toughness was obtained.

晶粒尺寸、稳定剂含量对氧化锆陶瓷相变增韧效果具有重要的影响。2Y-TZP材料由于稳定剂含量低，临界相变尺寸也小，在低温烧结条件得到细晶粒情况下，断裂过程中有更多的晶粒达到或超过临界相变尺寸，因而具有更高的断裂韧性。

It had many advantages, such as high thermal energy storage capacity, good temperature change controlling capacity and low air-conditioner energy consumption.

相变材料在相变过程中能吸收和释放大量的相变潜热，可广泛地应用于能量储存和温度控制领域，近20年来在欧美国家得到了迅速的发展[2]。

The calculated results are consistent with those of phenomenological crystallographic theory.

本文中提出的关于相变机制的小转动物理模型，结合西山相变机制和K-S转变机制的计算结果比较，很好地解释了Fe-31Ni合金的相变过程。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

In this thesis, the crystal structure and phase transition behaviors of a andβforsterite (Mg2SiO4) at high temperature and high pressure were investigated by the first principle calculations and the quasi-harmonic Debye model. Variations of elastic properties, band structure, density of state, band gap ofαandβforsterite with pressure were calculated, and the effect ofα/βphase transition on these characters was analyzed. The effects of water on elastic modulus, sound velocity and band gap of forsterite were also simulated. Finally, the effect ofα/βphase transition and water on seismic discontinuity in earth was discussed.

通过第一性原理结合准简谐德拜模型研究了α和β镁橄榄石的高温高压结构及相变特征；计算了α和β镁橄榄石的弹性模量、波速、电子带结构、带隙等随压力的变化规律，并探讨了相变对这些性质的影响；研究了水对α镁橄榄石弹性模量、波速和带隙的影响；探讨了水对地幔中不连续层的作用以及矿物相变对过渡带波速不连续的作用。

Oxygen was found to depress their fcc-sctransition temperature Tc from the normal value of 260K,as indicated by theminimum in the temperature-dependent permittivity ε′,and also enlarge the drop in ε′at the transition.The magnitudes of the downward shift in Tc and the drop in ε′were roughly proportional to the O2 occupance at octahedral lattice sites,as estimatedfrom the resonance heights distribution.

发现氧的存在降低了以介电常数ε'温度谱极小值为标志的有序无序相变温Tc(正常相变温度为260K)，并且增大了ε'在相变前后的变化幅度，Tc的下降值和ε'的变化量Δε'近似比例于八面体位置氧的占据率，氧的占据率可以从核磁共振峰高的分布获得。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。