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In his study of historical dialecticism during his late years,Engels insisted onnothing but Marxist On...

恩格斯在晚期关于历史辩证法的研究中，所坚持的正是马克思主叉关于社会存在的本体论思想；恩格斯所提出的关于历史辩证法精髓的思想，深刻地阐明了马克思主义关于自然观与历史观相统一的观点，解决了在人与自然、主体与客体之间的古老对立，为唯物史观做出了卓越的贡献。

In this paper, the stray light and ghost image caused by multi-reflection in high power infrared optical systems are analyzed and discussed, and the comprehensive method incorporating paraxial approximation and real ray trace is presented; the data structure of binary tree is used in the storage of interdata so that the storage problem of huge-size data is resolved.

本文主要研究了大功率红外光学系统中光学表面多重反射而形成的杂散光及其数学模型与计算方法，提出了将近轴近似法和有限光线追迹法相结合的综合分析方法；同时在数据存储方式上采用二叉树这种数据结构，巧妙地解决了鬼像分析中海量的中间数据存储的问题。

Having the pushrod mounted on the upright as opposed to the wishbone does more or less the same job for the suspension.

法拉利是唯一一支将推杆安装在前悬挂叉臂下方侧车队(7，与R27赛车的安装于叉臂上方相比较)，但是自从法国Magny-Cours赛道后，本田也采用了几乎相同的结构。

The main jobs of this paper are as followed: 1 The reuse of the frame design technology for aircraft assembly fixtures is researched. a frame line part library is built with the templet driven technology, the reuse of the frame line part come true by the tools for instantiation and instance modification. The design resources are effectively used, some repeating work is cut. 2 Two methods to obtain the assembly feature are proposed: the straight way by the Enumeration method and the indirect way by project features to the assembly plane. All of the assembly features of the frame and the adjustable bearings are obtained by these two methods which makes the frame automatic assembly technology for aircraft assembly fixtures come true. 3 The frame automatic assembly technology aircraft assembly fixtures based on assembly features is researched. A binary tree assembly model is used to express the assembly information of the frame for aircraft assembly fixtures, the automatic assembly between the frame, the aircraft and the adjustable bearing is completed within the three steps: distribute, obtain and evaluate assembly feature. Finally, the efficiency of the frame assembly design is proved. 4The frame interpart modeling technology for aircraft assembly fixtures is researched, the intersection methods are concluded and the arithmetic of the single-cut, double-cut and inter-cut intersection is proposed, the interpart fast modeling of the frame design for aircraft assembly fixture come true. 5Based on the researches mentioned before, a sub-system of frame fast design for aircraft assembly fixture is developed on CATIA. The sub-system is used to design the aircraft assembly fixtures in a large aeronautics corporation and make a good- effect.

论文的主要工作如下： 1研究了飞机装配型架骨架设计重用技术，在总结归纳骨架线框结构类型的基础上，应用模板驱动的方法建立了骨架线框库，通过骨架线框零件的实例化和离线编辑实现骨架线框的重用，有效利用设计资源，减少重复劳动； 2提出穷举几何对象的装配特征直接获取方法，遍历零件模型的几何对象，从中捕捉所需装配特征，该方法简捷、高效；提出向装配面投影的装配特征间接获取方法，该方法在现有特征基础上生成装配特征，解决了部分装配特征难以直接获取的问题； 3研究了基于装配特征的飞机装配型架骨架自动装配技术，采用一种二叉树装配模型表达骨架的装配关系，并通过装配特征的分配、获取和赋值三个步骤，实现了骨架分别与飞机产品和可调支承的自动装配，避免了繁琐的人工交互操作，提高了骨架设计的效率和规范化程度； 4研究了飞机装配型架骨架零件间建模技术，在总结归纳骨架元件相贯处理方式的基础上，提出了骨架元件单剪切相贯、双剪切相贯和互剪切相贯的实现算法，简化了骨架相贯处理的过程； 5基于以上研究，在CATIA平台上开发了飞机装配型架骨架快速设计子系统，并应用于某大型航空企业的装配型架设计，提高了设计效率和设计质量。

The hydrolyzation of benzal chloride is the heterogeneous phase gas-liquid-liquid reaction. A new kind of phase transfer catalyst was adapted and the study on the feasibility of hydrolyzation of benzal chloride, reaction technology and kinetics was carried out in order to get rid of heavy metal pollution caused by zinc catalysis.

苄叉二氯的水解是一个非均相气－液－液反应，为避免原有锌盐催化剂可能造成的重金属污染，采用一种新型相转移催化剂，进行了苄叉二氯水解反应可行性、反应工艺及动力学的研究。

A synthesis of 2-pentylidene cyclopentanone starting from cyclopentanone and n-valeraldehyde through aldol condensation, followed by dehydration, was studied, and the yield reached 85.6%. 2-Pentenyl cyclopentanone was prepared in a yield of 95.0% from 2-pentylidene cyclopentanone with a hydrogenation methodology. Through Baeyer-villiger oxidation,δ-decalactone was synthesized in a yield of 63.9% from 2-pentenyl cyclopentanone with hydrogen peroxide.

研究了以正戊醛和环戊酮为起始原料，经羟醛缩合、脱水反应合成2-戊叉环戊酮，产率达到85.6%，2-戊叉环戊酮加氢制备2-戊基环戊酮，产率为95.0%，2-戊基环戊酮在双氧水作用下经Baeyer-villiger氧化重排反应合成δ-癸内酯，反应产率为63.9%，合成δ-癸内酯的总产率为52.0%，气相色谱分析纯度为98.7%。

And then it combined binary tree with LS-WSVM, so that the LS-WSVM multi-class classification model based on binary tree was proposed. The model not only avoids the condition of blind classification and impartibility, but also improves classification speed and generalization ability.

然后，把二叉树结构和LS-WSVM相结合，提出了基于二叉树的LS-WSVM多类分类模型，不仅避免了盲目分类和不可分情况，而且提高了分类速度和泛化能力。

From the photophysical behaviors of 1, 3, 4-triaryl-2pyrazoline compound (TPP16) at low temperature, it can be considered that the twisted configuration between pyrazoline ring and the non-substituted phenyl group on the position 1 is the fluorescence configuration of conjugated system Ⅰ, and the twisted configuration between pyrazoline ring and P-nitrobenzene group is fluorescence configuration of conjugated system Ⅱ.

研究了1，3，4-三芳基-2-吡唑啉化合物TPP16在低温时的发光情况，发现：在低温77K下，共轭体系Ⅰ(苯基-N1-N2＝C3-苯基)在非极性溶剂中不发荧光，在极性溶剂中有较强荧光发射；而共轭体系Ⅱ(N1-N2＝C3-C4＝对硝基苄叉)在非极性溶剂或极性溶剂中均有荧光发射，表明N1所联取代基与吡唑啉环相扭曲的构象是共轭体系Ⅰ的发光构象，而对硝基苄叉与吡唑啉环相扭曲的构象是共轭体系Ⅱ的发光构象。

The silhouette of object on the turnable stage has been observed from multiple views through rotating. A bright background has been used to improve the contrast of images. An acquiring and processing system has been built. The 3D reconstruction algorithm has been studied based on Shape from Silhouette, and a 3D octree volume element structure model has been achieved through refining. The data will be used in 3D model repairing of laser scanning method.

本文采用单个固定CCD摄像机与转台相配合的方式，实现对物体轮廓图像的多角度采集，并使用背景照明来增加轮廓的清晰度，建立了一套自动的多视角轮廓3D测量系统，通过逐级细化的方式获得物体八叉树体元结构的三维模型，用于激光扫描法的数据修补。

Based on the characteristics of parameterized design and key technologies of knowledge based engineering, and specially according to the characteristics of the construction, figure, assembly-parameter of bicycle frame design, the article has achieved repeated using of experiential parameter and knowledge by adopting methods such as automatic reading experiential datasheet, computing parameter by making use of program, manual data-input or modifying and so on. Based on analyzing the characteristics of Rear End design and the associated characteristics with Chain Stay and Seat Stay, different design methods are analyzed in detail, and rapidly assembling of Rear End, Chain Stay and Seat Stay is achieved by using the method of combining top-down-assembly with down-top-assembly method. Based on analyzing special technologies and UDF characteristics, the repeated using of different sectional shapes by using UDF technology on the tube section design is also achieved, and this will greatly shorten the time spent on fixing the dimensions and orientations on sketches.

在探讨了参数化设计技术特点和知识工程关键技术的基础上，针对自行车车架设计中的结构、形状、装配参数特点，分别采用了读入经验数据表、参数程序求解、手工录入或修改方法实现车架设计经验参数和知识的重复利用；在分析自行车后叉片设计特点及与平、立叉的关联特性的基础上，对不同的设计方案进行了详细分析，并采用自顶向下和自底向上相结合的方法，实现了后叉片的快速装配定位与平、立叉设计相关联；在分析了特征技术和UDF特点的基础上，将UDF用于管件截面的设计上，使各种截面形状能不断重复利用，大大节省了约束草图尺寸和位置的时间。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。