直生论

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, variations of Lamarckism, orthogenesis ('progressive' evolution), and saltationism were discussed as alternatives.

在19世纪和20世纪初，人们对可选择的替代学说进行了讨论，如拉马克主义的各种变种、直生论和骤变说。

It showed that the trends of linear progression (in for example the evolution of the horse) that earlier paleontologists had used as support for neo-Lamarckism and orthogenesis did not hold up under careful examination.

该书表明，早期古生物学家用作支持新拉马克主义和直生论的线性渐进趋势，在仔细检查下是站不住脚的。

The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress.

在"达尔文主义衰落时期"，进化理论包括各种形式的"骤变说"，认为新种是通过"跳跃"而不是通过逐渐适应产生的；也包括各种形式的直生论，声称物种有着内在的、向某一特定方向变化的趋势；还包括各种形式的新拉马克主义，认为获得性状遗传导致进步。

The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress.

在&达尔文主义衰落时期&，进化理论包括各种形式的&骤变说&，认为新种是通过&跳跃&而不是通过逐渐适应产生的；也包括各种形式的直生论，声称物种有着内在的、向某一特定方向变化的趋势；还包括各种形式的新拉马克主义，认为获得性状遗传导致进步。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。