直接成本

Such expenses shall also include reasonable costs internally incurred by Buyer directly attributable to Seller's obligations hereunder, including but not limited to allocable storage and transportation costs for Product, re-labeling costs, and inspection and segregation fees.

这种费用不包括国内买方卖方直接造成的本协议的义务，包括但不限于可分配储存和运输的产品，重贴标签的成本费用，检查和隔离费用发生的合理费用。

The fundamental wage can be counted directly bywork hours in firm ,and firm profit can only be indirectly counted by the balance ofcommodity value and firm cost.

基础工资可以自己在企业内部借助于劳动时间进行直接的核算，而企业利润则只能通过商品价值与企业成本的差额来间接地核算。

Agricultural lime, either finely ground dolomitic or calcitic limestone, applied directly to acid soils is an inexpensive way to increase crop yields and reduce fertilizer input costs.

农用石灰，不管是粉细的白云石质石灰岩，还是方解石质石灰岩，直接施到酸性土壤是提高作物产量和降低肥料成本的一条廉价途径。

Compared with the Epoxy resorcinol-formaldehyde resin pretreatment system and Maleic anhydride pretreatment system developed by Xusigui, the 40% carbolated styrene-butadiene latex system can keep the composite"s properties and reduce the cost of pretreatment and simplify the pretreatment technology; especially to the HST 2073 latex system, the composite"s mechanics properties are improved greatly. Secondly, the composite"s comprehensive properties and interface performance are improved by reinforced with short fiber grafted with rubber in the surface. Thirdly, to simplify the production technology of composite, we add TKM-M and RF-90 as adhesive agent to the composite blended in an internal mixer, so as to the composite can be used to industry widely, then the effect of the amount adhesive agent on the composite"s properties and interface adhesive performance was studied, from the experiments the optimum amount of adhesive agent was deduced.

其中采用特软羧基丁苯胶乳预处理短纤维的方案，降低了预处理成本，相对许泗贵的低分子环氧和马来酸酐体系来说，预处理工艺大大简化了，而材料的力学性能保持良好，尤其是 HST 2073A 胶乳预处理体系，力学性能有较大幅度的提高；第二，通过对尼龙短纤维表面进行接枝橡胶分子链预处理，改善了复合材料的界面粘合性能，复合材料的综合性能也得到了相应的提高；第三，为了简化复合材料的生产工艺，使复合材料的应用得到工业化推广，我们选用TKM—M和RF—90长效增粘剂，直接加入短纤维橡胶复合材料中，采用密炼工艺，探讨了增粘剂的用量对复合材料界面粘合以及性能的影响，得出了增粘剂在复合材料中的最佳用量。

The copper alloys with high strength and high conductivity was melted by a coreless frequency induction furnace and alloying elements were directly added into alloy liquid. It not only reduced the cost, but also improved the production efficiency. So the method was suitable for an industry production.

本文采用将合金元素直接加入有芯工频感应电炉的方法熔炼高强高导铜合金，既降低了成本又提高了生产效率，满足了工业化大生产的要求。

Different product warranty policies leads correspondently to different marketing results and different post sale support costs .

产品担保策略的制定，涉及到企业内部条件和外部环境多方面的因素，要制定一个好的产品担保策略是困难的，但它直接影响了市场占有率和企业的售后支持成本。

Extrusion canister is a key as well as damageable component of carbon machine, so its using-life and production cost influence the further spread and appliance of carton machine directly.

挤压料筒是制炭机的关键零件，亦是制炭机的易损件之一，它的使用寿命及制造成本，直接影响制炭机的进一步推广和应用。

Originally techniques dropped formaldehyde into the mixture of phosphorous acid and monosodium of imino diacetic acid in high temperature.

原工艺采用的是在酸性条件下高温时将甲醛滴加到亚磷酸与亚氨基二乙酸一钠盐混合溶液中进行反应，考虑到工业上亚磷酸的合成一般采用三氯化磷水解、提浓、结晶制得，直接将三氯化磷用于双甘膦的合成，不仅可以简化操作过程，而且对于降低生产成本和能耗有明显意义。

The industries invested directly by the foreign companies should be distinguishingly chosen according to the factors of the abundance of comparative resources of the element, the availability of technology and the advantage of comparative cost.

应根据比较要素资源丰裕度、技术适用性和比较成本优势有区别地选择外商直接投资的产业。

And thus I provide the evidence to undermine the commonly held opinion that China's public companies improved their performance by increasing financial leverage ratio. Seventhly, the international comparison reveals that the development of capital market has direct influence on the industry performance and the capital markets of developed countries are more effective than those of developing ones. Whether the finance system is bank-dominated or capital-market-dominated means little to the effectiveness of capital market and also the industry productivity. Eighthly, capital market, bank and FDI differ markedly in the mechanism of financing selection, supervisory effectiveness and industry characteristics. Averagely, capital market is the most appropriate mechanism among the three out-sourcing financing, considering the supervisory cost and effectiveness comprehensively. Certainly, some flaws remain in this study.

因此，我们认为，中国各产业上市公司产业绩效的提高不是通过提高财务杠杆比例来实现的；第七，基于资本市场自身的国际比较研究表明，资本市场发展程度直接影响其对产业绩效的改善和促进程度，成熟市场的资本配置效率显著高于新兴市场，而金融体系以银行为主导还是以资本市场为主导，并不影响资本市场功能的有效发挥，也不对产业绩效的影响产生效率上的差异，仅仅表现为在多大规模或范围内对产业绩效产生影响；第八，基于资本市场、银行贷款及外商投资3种外源融资方式对产业绩效影响的比较研究，三种方式在融资选择机制、监督力以及所影响的产业特征方面均存在显著差异，三者对不同产业绩效的影响呈现互补作用，而资本市场是监督成本与效力结合较好的融资方式。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。